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1.
Elena Aronova 《Minerva》2012,50(3):307-337
The Congress for Cultural Freedom is remembered as a paramount example of the “cultural cold wars.” In this paper, I discuss the ways in which this powerful transnational organization sought to promote “science studies” as a distinct – and politically relevant – area of expertise, and part of the CCF broader agenda to offer a renewed framework for liberalism. By means of its Study Groups, international conferences and its periodicals, such as Minerva, the Congress developed into an influential forum for examining the ways Big Science impacted the relations between science, society, and politics, thus constituting a semi-institutional niche for Science Studies before its professionalization within academia during the 1970s. I argue that the Congress contributed to the construction of public space in which the relations between science, society and politics were debated, and science was reconceptualized as a social activity. The vision of “science studies” the CCF-associated intellectuals promulgated was different from the science studies we know today. Yet, this alternative vision, in which the issues of science politics appeared inseparable from those of science policy, science organization, and science governance, constituted the “pre-history” of science studies today. 相似文献
2.
Alvin Weinberg’s classic and much debated two articles in Minerva, “Criteria for Scientific Choice” (1963) and “Criteria for Scientific Choice II – The Two Cultures” (1964), represent two of the first and most important attempts to create a meta-discourse about priority setting in science policy, and many of the points advanced remain relevant. The goal of this paper is to elaborate on the relevance of some of Weinberg’s original arguments to priority setting today. We have singled out four issues for attention: The tension between scientific and institutional choice, the assumptions behind the triad of scientific, technological and social merit, the elusive ‘externality from size’ argument for funding promoted by Weinberg, and finally the problems involved in the idea of basic science as an ‘overhead cost’ for applied science, and applied science as an ‘overhead’ on a sectoral mission. These four issues will be elaborated from a policy perspective and connected to present day challenges for science and technology policy. 相似文献
3.
Roger PielkeJr. 《Minerva》2012,50(3):339-361
The use of the phrase “basic research” as a term used in science policy discussion dates only to about 1920. At the time the phrase referred to what we today commonly refer to as applied research in support of specific missions or goals, especially agriculture. Upon the publication of Vannevar Bush’s well-known report, Science – The Endless Frontier, the phrase “basic research” became a key political symbol, representing various identifications, expectations and demands related to science policy among scientists and politicians. This paper tracks and evaluates the evolution of “basic research” as a political symbol from early in the 20th century to the present. With considerable attention having been paid to the on-going evolution of post-Cold War science policy, much less attention has focused on the factors which have shaped the dominant narrative of contemporary science policies. 相似文献
4.
Niels C. Taubert 《Minerva》2012,50(3):261-275
This article analyzes the transformation of Minerva from an intellectual towards a scholarly journal by making use of bibliometric methods. The aim is to provide some empirical insights that help to understand what properties of the journal changed in the course of this transformation process. Minerva was one of the first journals that reflected on science and its role in society and science policy in particular. Analyzing the development of the journal sheds light on the emergence of science (policy) studies and on Minerva’s role as a forerunner in this field. In a first step, the methods will be described. The second section provides some empirical results of the publication output of Minerva and its relations to other journals in the field. The empirical findings are put into a broader perspective in the concluding third section. 相似文献
5.
Patrick Petitjean 《Minerva》2008,46(2):247-270
The World Federation of Scientific Workers (WFScW) and UNESCO share roots in the Social Relations of Science (SRS) movements
and in the Franco-British scientific relations which developed in the 1930s. In this historical context (the Great Depression,
the rise of Fascism and the Nazi use of science, the social and intellectual fascination for the USSR), a new model of scientific
internationalism emerged, where science and politics mixed. Many progressive scientists were involved in the war efforts against
Nazism, and tried to prolong their international commitments into peacetime. They contributed to the establishment of the
WFScW and of UNESCO in 1945–1946. Neither the WFScW nor UNESCO succeeded in achieving their initial aims. Another world emerged
from the immediate post-war years, but it was not the world fancied by the progressive scientists from the mould of scientific
internationalism. The aim of this article is to follow the path from the Franco-British networks towards the establishment
of the WFScW and UNESCO; from an ideological scientific internationalism towards practical projects. It is to understand how
these two bodies came to embody two different scientific internationalisms during the Cold War.
Patrick Petitjean is “Chargé de Recherches” at the CNRS, Paris. He is an historian of science and belongs to the laboratory REHSEIS (Recherches Epistémologiques et Historiques sur les Sciences Exactes et les Institutions Scientifiques). He has co-edited Science and Empires—Historical Studies about Scientific Development and European Expansion (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992); and Les Sciences colonials—figures et institutions (Paris: Orstom éditions, 1996). He has recently published some contributions on Unesco’s first years: Petitjean, P., Zharov, V., Glaser, G., Richardson, J., de Padirac, B. and Archibald, G. (eds), Sixty Years of Sciences at UNESCO, 1945–2005 (UNESCO, Paris, 2006). He is currently working on the history of international scientific relations from the 1930s to the 1950s, and on the influence of the science and society movements upon the Science Division of UNESCO. 相似文献
| Patrick PetitjeanEmail: |
Patrick Petitjean is “Chargé de Recherches” at the CNRS, Paris. He is an historian of science and belongs to the laboratory REHSEIS (Recherches Epistémologiques et Historiques sur les Sciences Exactes et les Institutions Scientifiques). He has co-edited Science and Empires—Historical Studies about Scientific Development and European Expansion (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992); and Les Sciences colonials—figures et institutions (Paris: Orstom éditions, 1996). He has recently published some contributions on Unesco’s first years: Petitjean, P., Zharov, V., Glaser, G., Richardson, J., de Padirac, B. and Archibald, G. (eds), Sixty Years of Sciences at UNESCO, 1945–2005 (UNESCO, Paris, 2006). He is currently working on the history of international scientific relations from the 1930s to the 1950s, and on the influence of the science and society movements upon the Science Division of UNESCO. 相似文献
6.
Geert J. Somsen 《Minerva》2008,46(3):361-379
That science is fundamentally universal has been proclaimed innumerable times. But the precise geographical meaning of this
universality has changed historically. This article examines conceptions of scientific internationalism from the Enlightenment
to the Cold War, and their varying relations to cosmopolitanism, nationalism, socialism, and ‘the West’. These views are confronted
with recent tendencies to cast science as a uniquely European product.
Geert Somsen is assistant professor in history of science. After a PhD in the history of chemistry, his current work focuses on socialist conceptions of science in the twentieth century and on scientific internationalism. With Harmke Kamminga, he edited Pursuing the Unity of Science: Scientific Practice and Ideology between the Great War and the Cold War (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, forthcoming). 相似文献
| Geert J. SomsenEmail: |
Geert Somsen is assistant professor in history of science. After a PhD in the history of chemistry, his current work focuses on socialist conceptions of science in the twentieth century and on scientific internationalism. With Harmke Kamminga, he edited Pursuing the Unity of Science: Scientific Practice and Ideology between the Great War and the Cold War (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, forthcoming). 相似文献
7.
STS research has devoted relatively little attention to the promotion and reception of science and technology by non-scientific
actors and institutions. One consequence is that the relationship of science and technology to political power has tended
to remain undertheorized. This article aims to fill that gap by introducing the concept of “sociotechnical imaginaries.” Through
a comparative examination of the development and regulation of nuclear power in the US and South Korea, the article demonstrates
the analytic potential of the imaginaries concept. Although nuclear power and nationhood have long been imagined together
in both countries, the nature of those imaginations has remained strikingly different. In the US, the state’s central move
was to present itself as a responsible regulator of a potentially runaway technology that demands effective “containment.”
In South Korea, the dominant imaginary was of “atoms for development” which the state not only imported but incorporated into
its scientific, technological and political practices. In turn, these disparate imaginaries have underwritten very different
responses to a variety of nuclear shocks and challenges, such as Three Mile Island (TMI), Chernobyl, and the spread of the
anti-nuclear movement.
Sheila Jasanoff is Pforzheimer Professor of Science and Technology Studies at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. Her research centers on the interactions of law, science, and politics in democratic societies. She is particularly concerned with the construction of public reason in various cultural contexts, and with the role of science and technology in globalization. Her most recent book is Designs on Nature: Science and Democracy in Europe and the United States. Sang-Hyun Kim is Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. He received Ph.D.’s in chemistry from Oxford and in history and sociology of science from Edinburgh. His research interests include the cultural politics of science and technology in twentieth-century Korea, the politics of expertise, the governance of science and technology, and the history and politics of environmental sciences. 相似文献
| Sang-Hyun KimEmail: |
Sheila Jasanoff is Pforzheimer Professor of Science and Technology Studies at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. Her research centers on the interactions of law, science, and politics in democratic societies. She is particularly concerned with the construction of public reason in various cultural contexts, and with the role of science and technology in globalization. Her most recent book is Designs on Nature: Science and Democracy in Europe and the United States. Sang-Hyun Kim is Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. He received Ph.D.’s in chemistry from Oxford and in history and sociology of science from Edinburgh. His research interests include the cultural politics of science and technology in twentieth-century Korea, the politics of expertise, the governance of science and technology, and the history and politics of environmental sciences. 相似文献
8.
John Roberts 《Minerva》1994,32(3):327-333
See alsoThe Universities Between Their Internal and External Enemies, Discussion,Minerva, XXXII (Summer 1994), pp. 186–221. 相似文献
9.
In the U.S.A., advocates of academic freedom—the ability to pursue research unencumbered by government controls—have long found sparring partners in government officials who regulate technology trade. From concern over classified research in the 1950s, to the expansion of export controls to cover trade in information in the 1970s, to current debates over emerging technologies and global innovation, the academic community and the government have each sought opportunities to demarcate the sphere of their respective authority and autonomy and assert themselves in that sphere. In this paper, we explore these opportunities, showing how the Social Contract for Science set the terms for the debate, and how the controversy turned to the proper interpretation of this compact. In particular, we analyze how the 1985 presidential directive excluding fundamental research from export controls created a boundary object that successfully demarcated science and the state, but only for a Cold War world that would soon come to an end. Significant changes have occurred since then in the governance structures of science and in the technical and political environment within which both universities and the state sit. Even though there have been significant and persistent calls for reassessing the Cold War demarcation, a new institutionalization of how to balance the concerns of national security and academic freedom is still only in its nascent stages. We explore the value of moving from a boundary object to a boundary organization, as represented in a proposed new governance body, the Science and Security Commission. 相似文献
10.
Geert J. Somsen 《Minerva》2008,46(2):231-245
The political engagement of scientists is not necessarily left-wing, and even when it is, it can take widely varying forms.
This is illustrated by the specific character of Dutch scientific activism in the 1930s and 40s, which took shape in a society
where ‘pillarized’ social divisions were more important than horizontal class structure. This paper examines how, within this
context, the Delft physicist Jan Burgers developed a version of scientific politics, built on a philosophy of value-laden
science.
Geert J. Somsen is assistant professor in history of science. After receiving a PhD in the history of chemistry, his current work involves ideological uses of science in twentieth-century Britain and the Netherlands, with a focus on scientific internationalism. With Harmke Kamminga he edited Pursuing the Unity of Science: Scientific Practice and Ideology between the Great War and the Cold War (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, forthcoming). 相似文献
| Geert J. SomsenEmail: |
Geert J. Somsen is assistant professor in history of science. After receiving a PhD in the history of chemistry, his current work involves ideological uses of science in twentieth-century Britain and the Netherlands, with a focus on scientific internationalism. With Harmke Kamminga he edited Pursuing the Unity of Science: Scientific Practice and Ideology between the Great War and the Cold War (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, forthcoming). 相似文献
11.
Thurstan Shaw 《Minerva》1989,27(1):58-86
See also the earlier contributions to The Academic Profession and Contemporary Politics: Washburn, Wilcomb E., inMinerva, XVI (Summer 1988), pp. 392–415; and Tobias, Phillip V.,ibid. (Winter 1988), pp. 575–588. 相似文献
12.
Here we present the framework of a new approach to assessing the capacity of research programs to achieve social goals. Research
evaluation has made great strides in addressing questions of scientific and economic impacts. It has largely avoided, however,
a more important challenge: assessing (prospectively or retrospectively) the impacts of a given research endeavor on the non-scientific,
non-economic goals—what we here term “public values”—that often are the core public rationale for the endeavor. Research programs
are typically justified in terms of their capacity to achieve public values, and that articulation of public values is pervasive
in science policy-making. We outline the elements of a case-based approach to “public value mapping” of science policy, with
a particular focus on developing useful criteria and methods for assessing “public value failure,” with an intent to provide
an alternative to “market failure” thinking that has been so powerful in science policy-making. So long as research evaluation
avoids the problem of public values, science policy decision makers will have little help from social science in making choices
among competing paths to desired social outcomes. 相似文献
13.
Eun-Sung Kim 《Minerva》2008,46(4):463-484
This study explores the history of nanotechnology from the perspective of protein engineering, which differs from the history
of nanotechnology that has arisen from mechanical and materials engineering; it also demonstrates points of convergence between
the two. Focusing on directed evolution—an experimental system of molecular biomimetics that mimics nature as an inspiration
for material design—this study follows the emergence of an evolutionary experimental system from the 1960s to the present,
by detailing the material culture, practices, and techniques involved. Directed evolution, as an aspect of nanobiotechnology,
is also distinct from the dominant biotechnologies of the 20th century. The experimental systems of directed evolution produce
new ways of thinking about molecular diversity that could affect concepts concerning both biology and life.
Eun-Sung Kim is currently working at the Biotechnology Policy Research Center at the Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology. His academic career has been built on risk, bioethics, and science studies associated with life science, biomedicine, and the environment. He has published in Science, Technology, and Human Values and New Genetics and Society. His current interest is in social and policy studies of technological convergence. 相似文献
| Eun-Sung KimEmail: |
Eun-Sung Kim is currently working at the Biotechnology Policy Research Center at the Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology. His academic career has been built on risk, bioethics, and science studies associated with life science, biomedicine, and the environment. He has published in Science, Technology, and Human Values and New Genetics and Society. His current interest is in social and policy studies of technological convergence. 相似文献
14.
The Public Values Failures of Climate Science in the US 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ryan Meyer 《Minerva》2011,49(1):47-70
This paper examines the broad social purpose of US climate science, which has benefitted from a public investment of more
than $30 billion over the last 20 years. A public values analysis identifies five core public values that underpin the interagency
program. Drawing from interviews, meeting observations, and document analysis, I examine the decision processes and institutional
structures that lead to the implementation of climate science policy, and identify a variety of public values failures accommodated
by this system. In contrast to other cases which find market values frameworks (the “profit as progress” assumption) at the
root of public values failures, this case shows how “science values” (“knowledge as progress”) may serve as an inadequate
or inappropriate basis for achieving broader public values. For both institutions and individual decision makers, the logic
linking science to societal benefit is generally incomplete, incoherent, and tends to conflate intrinsic and instrumental
values. I argue that to be successful with respect to its motivating public values, the US climate science enterprise must
avoid the assumption that any advance in knowledge is inherently good, and offer a clearer account of the kinds of research
and knowledge advance likely to generate desirable social outcomes. 相似文献
15.
In this article we present an empirical analysis of the ‘patterns of cultural choice’ in the musical domain in Italy. The
main goal of the article is to verify whether musical tastes in Italy are diversified, with the presence of a group of ‘cultural
omnivores’. Our study is based on the theoretical model of the demand for cultural goods proposed by Lévy-Garboua and Montmarquette
(1996). In the empirical analysis we simultaneously evaluate the probability of choosing different musical genres. Through the
specification of the set of alternatives into three groupings of musical genres —“only classical music”, “only popular music”
and “all music”—we were able to detect the relative impact of several socio-economic characteristics on the probability of
having “univorous” or “omnivorous” musical likings. In addition, our approach allows us to verify the existence of different
patterns of music consumption by testing the significance of differences among the estimated coefficients of the probability
functions related to the three groupings of musical genres. We find that age, gender and education are important predictors
of an omnivorous taste.
相似文献
| Carlofilippo FrateschiEmail: |
16.
In recent times there has been a surge in interest on policy instruments to stimulate scientific and engineering research
that is of greater consequence, advancing our knowledge in leaps rather than steps and is therefore more “creative” or, in
the language of recent reports, “transformative.” Associated with the language of “transformative research” there appears
to be much enthusiasm and conviction that the future of research is tied to it. However, there is very little clarity as to
what exactly it is and what criteria might be used to design policy instruments to make more of it happen. In this paper,
we contribute to the construction of a framework within which some conceptual clarity might be gained. We develop four analogies,
or metaphors, that are found in the discourse about “transformative research” and show what they imply for the meaning of
the notion and, as a result, both the phenomena that might be associated with it and the levers that would be available to
design policy instruments. The analogies serving as theoretical metaphors that we propose, and also document to be present
either explicitly or implicitly in the discourse about “transformative research,” are the stock market highlighting risk;
the process of evolution and its selection mechanisms; the process of popular culture and the power of “hot” events; and exploration
of the frontier of the unknown. No single analogy covers all the relevant issues. Together they help identify a field of phenomena
and the potential and challenges “transformative research” presents to policy. 相似文献
17.
Public Deliberation and Governance: Engaging with Science and Technology in Contemporary Europe 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Whilst public engagement in decisions concerning science and technology is widely extolled, research shows that the application
of deliberative democratic theory remains – at least in Europe – highly constrained. Science and technology policy requires
closer attention to the wider context of governance and the compatibility of public deliberation with established modes of policy-making. 相似文献
18.
In recent years, British science policy has seen a significant shift ‘from deficit to dialogue’ in conceptualizing the relationship
between science and the public. Academics in the interdisciplinary field of Science and Technology Studies (STS) have been
influential as advocates of the new public engagement agenda. However, this participatory agenda has deeper roots in the political
ideology of the Third Way. A framing of participation as a politics suited to post-Fordist conditions was put forward in the
magazine Marxism Today in the late 1980s, developed in the Demos thinktank in the 1990s, and influenced policy of the New Labour government. The
encouragement of public participation and deliberation in relation to science and technology has been part of a broader implementation
of participatory mechanisms under New Labour. This participatory program has been explicitly oriented toward producing forms
of social consciousness and activity seen as essential to a viable knowledge economy and consumer society. STS arguments for
public engagement in science have gained influence insofar as they have intersected with the Third Way politics of post-Fordism. 相似文献
19.
With reference to the recent science studies debate on the nature of science-industry relationship, this article focuses on
a novel organizational form: the technological platform. Considering the field of micro- and nanotechnology in Switzerland,
it investigates how technological platforms participate in framing science-industry activities. On the basis of a comparative
analysis of three technological platforms, it shows that the platforms relate distinctly to academic and to industrial users.
It distinguishes three pairs of user models, one model in each pair pertaining to how platforms act toward and conceive of
academic users, the other model regarding users from industry. The article then discusses how technological platforms reconfigure
the science-economy divide. While the observed platforms provide new institutional contact and interaction between academia and industry, new research collaboration does not necessarily materialize in practice. In this respect, science-industry mediation by way of technological platforms does not make science-industry boundaries
more porous. Instead, the declared openness of public research with respect to industry, in the case of technological platforms,
may contribute to maintain public science’s autonomy. 相似文献
20.
Nathaniel Logar 《Minerva》2011,49(1):113-136
Using the Public Value Mapping framework, I address the values successes and failures of chemistry as compared to the emerging
field of green chemistry, in which the promoters attempt to incorporate new and expanded values, such as health, safety, and
environmental sustainability, to the processes of prioritizing and conducting chemistry research. I document how such values
are becoming increasingly “public.” Moreover, analysis of the relations among the multiple values associated with green chemistry
displays a greater internal coherence and logic than for conventional chemistry. Although traditional chemistry research has
successfully contributed to both economic and values gains, there have been public values failures due to imperfect values
articulations, failure to take a longer-term view, and inertia within a system that places too much emphasis on “science values.”
Green chemistry, if implemented effectively, has potential to remedy these failures. 相似文献