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1.
Nowbahari E 《Learning & behavior》2007,35(2):87-94
Ants learn the odors of members of their colony early in postnatal life, but their ability to learn to recognize noncolony
conspecifics and heterospecifics has never been explored. We used a habituation—discrimination paradigm to assess individual
recognition in adult Formicine ants,Cataglyphis niger. Pairs of workers from different colonies were placed together for repeated trials, and their ability to discriminate the
ant that they encountered from another familiar or unfamiliar ant was observed. Some ants were isolated between encounters,
and others were returned to their home colonies. Our results suggest for the first time in ants that C. niger adults learn
about individual ants that they have encountered and recognize them in subsequent encounters. Ants are less aggressive toward
non-nestmates after they are familiar with one another, but they are aggressive again when they encounter an unfamiliar individual.
Learning about non-nestmates does not interfere with an ant’s memory of members from its own colony. 相似文献
2.
Unobservable properties that are specific to individuals, such as their proper names, can only be known by people who are familiar with those individuals. Do young children utilize this “familiarity principle” when learning language? Experiment 1 tested whether forty-eight 2- to 4-year-old children were able to determine the referent of a proper name such as “Jessie” based on the knowledge that the speaker was familiar with one individual but unfamiliar with the other. Even 2-year-olds successfully identified Jessie as the individual with whom the speaker was familiar. Experiment 2 examined whether children appreciate this principle at a general level, as do adults, or whether this knowledge may be specific to certain word-learning situations. To test this, forty-eight 3- to 5-year-old children were given the converse of the task in Experiment 1—they were asked to determine the individual with whom the speaker was familiar based on the speaker’s knowledge of an individual’s proper name. Only 5-year-olds reliably succeeded at this task, suggesting that a general understanding of the familiarity principle is a relatively late developmental accomplishment. 相似文献
3.
Kindergarten, third-grade and fifth-grade children were tested on a same-different auditory discrimination task. Stimuli consisted of familiar and unfamiliar 3-letter words which were subdivided into high and low positional frequency word pairs. Analysis of correct same and different judgments supported the hypothesis that prereaders who have had normal language experiences develop sensitivities to intraword-redundancy relations. Children made significantly more correct same or different judgments when word pairs were high rather than low in summed positional frequency. 相似文献
4.
The present experiment was undertaken to examine directly the diet sampling behavior of wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) faced with a choice among familiar and unfamiliar foods. First-generation, laboratory-reared wild Norway rats ate from four food cups. Three of the food cups were in unfamiliar locations and contained unfamiliar foods. The remaining food cup was in a familiar location and contained a familiar food. Subjects in a control group were offered the familiar food in all four locations. We found (1) that subjects in experimental and control conditions took equal amounts of time to first visit food cups in unfamiliar locations, (2) that subjects in the experimental condition (those with access to unfamiliar foods) ate at unfamiliar locations at a slower rate than did subjects in the control condition (those with access only to familiar food), (3) that subjects in the experimental condition were no more likely than subjects in the control condition to eat at one unfamiliar location at a time, and (4) that following a bout of eating at an unfamiliar food cup, subjects in the experimental condition waited no longer than subjects in the control condition before eating from a different unfamiliar food cup. We interpreted these data as indicating that although wild Norway rats are hesitant to eat unfamiliar foods, once they begin to eat such foods, they do not sample among them so as to facilitate identification of any toxin present. 相似文献
5.
Social contexts of learning literate language: The role of varied, familiar, and close peer relationships 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A. D. Pellegrini Edward Melhuish Ithel Jones L. Trojanowska R. Gilden 《Learning and individual differences》2000,12(4)
Two prominent theories in evolutionary biology have stressed the role of social contexts in the evolution of primate cognition. One theory holds that cognition evolved in the context of individuals having to keep track of their interactions with a variety of conspecifics. In the other theory, cognition evolved in the contexts of familiar and close social relationships. In this paper, we present two experiments examining the effects of varied, familiar, and close social contacts on preschool children's literate language and story re-reading. We hypothesized, based on developmental evolutionary theory, that closeness, in the form of increased familiarity and friendship, would maximize children's expression of emotional terms, conflict/resolution cycles, collaborative responses, literate language, and story re-readings. In Study 1, children were exposed to one of two conditions. In the more familiar condition, initially unfamiliar children interacted with the same peer across four separate observations. In the less familiar, varied condition, a focal child interacted with a different unfamiliar peer on four separate occasions. Consistent with predictions, children in the more familiar condition increased their use of emotional terms and literate language and story re-reading with time. In Study 2, a familiar group (as defined in Study 1) was compared with children in bestfriend dyads. As predicted, friends outperformed familiar peers initially, but between-group differences decreased across time while children's performance in the familiar group increased across time. Results are discussed in terms of the role of familiarity in the evolution of cooperation and cognition. 相似文献
6.
Six-month-old infants' ability to form an abstract category of containment was examined using a standard infant categorization task. Infants were habituated to 4 pairs of objects in a containment relation. Following habituation, infants were tested with a novel example of the familiar containment relation and an example of an unfamiliar relation. Results indicate that infants look reliably longer at the unfamiliar versus familiar relation, indicating that they can form a categorical representation of containment. A second experiment demonstrated that infants do not rely on object occlusion to discriminate containment from a support or a behind spatial relation. Together, the results indicate that by 6 months, infants can recognize a containment relation from different angles and across different pairs of objects. 相似文献
7.
Forty-six White Leghorn chicks were tested at 48 h posthatch to determine their ability to discriminate and preferentially respond to individual companions and strangers. In the first experiment, socially reared chicks showed no preference when allowed a simultaneous choice between either a familiar or an unfamiliar socially reared chick. In the second experiment, socially reared chicks preferred (p = .012) an unfamiliar socially reared chick to an unfamiliar chick reared in isolation. In the third experiment, chicks reared in isolation preferred (p = .036) a socially reared chick to an isolation-reared chick. Results indicate that chicks 48 h old respond to others on the basis of behavioral as well as morphological characteristics. 相似文献
8.
Problem solving, by definition, involves achieving new understanding in unfamiliar contexts, and is critical to all aspects of life, especially in the educational and scientific arenas. Students learn from many experiences to develop a repertoire of abilities, including the use of logic, which enable them to spontaneously transfer their problem-solving skill to unfamiliar situations. The purpose of this study is to explore the minimum conditions necessary to facilitate the spontaneous transfer of problem solving skill in an unfamiliar context. One hundred and seventy-five subjects were presented with logically identical problems based on the Wason selection task, which differed only in the degree to which a familiar schema could be invoked to help solve the problem. In the pretest stage, only 10.5% of subjects could solve the selection problem in an unfamiliar context, whereas 57.3% could solve it in one that was familiar. The effect of three interventions, prior exposure to a familiar scenario, repeat opportunities on like problems, and process-oriented feedback, on selection task performance in an unfamiliar context was assessed in a posttest stage. Overall, none of the interventions were effective, indicating that the minimum threshold for spontaneous transfer may be above the level of intervention included in this study. Schema theory, implications for instruction, and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
9.
This study investigates whether dogs are able to differentiate between people according to whether or not they show similarities to their owners. We hypothesized that dogs would show a preference for the “similar” partner when interacting with unfamiliar humans. After having familiarized with two experimenters displaying different degrees of similarity to their owners, dogs (N = 36) participated in a situation where the desired toy object was made inaccessible in order to find out whether they initiate interaction with the two partners differently. Two different types of “similarity cues” were used (either alone or combined with each other): (1) persistent behavioral characteristics (i.e., familiar vs. strange motion pattern and language usage) and (2) an unfamiliar arbitrary group marker (i.e., one of the potential helpers was wearing clothing similar to that worn by the owner). Results show that although dogs payed equal attention to the human partners displaying various types of similarity to their owners during familiarization, they exhibited a visual attention preference for the human whose motion pattern and language usage were similar to their owner’s in the inaccessible-toy task. However, there was weak evidence of discrimination based on the arbitrary group marker (clothing). Although dogs’ different tendencies to interact with the potential helpers do not necessarily imply an underlying ability to create social categories based on the degree of similarity between the owner and unfamiliar people, these results suggest that functionally human infant-analogue forms of social categorization may have emerged in dogs. 相似文献
10.
《The Journal of educational research》2012,105(3):141-143
AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate whether examiners' personal familiarity and professional experience with examinees affects handicapped children's test performance. Subjects were 22 handicapped preschoolers. Examiners were either experienced (N = 11) or inexperienced (N =11) with this group of children and with testing. Subjects were assigned randomly to one of the two examiner groups. Within examiner groups, children again were assigned randomly to two examiners, one to serve as a personally familiar tester and the other to function as a personally unfamiliar tester. Each examiner tested children in both personally familiar and unfamiliar conditions in a repeated measures crossover design. Results indicated that subjects performed more strongly when tested by personally familiar examiners regardless of testers' experience. Additional analyses suggested that (a) there was no difference between experienced and inexperienced testers' cognitive complexity or attitude toward the handicapped; and (b) both examiner groups described the handicapped relatively simplistically and negatively. This may partially explain the finding that professional experience was a poor proxy for personal familiarity. Implications for current testing practice are discussed. 相似文献
11.
Adult Syrian hamster females (Mesocricetus auratus) learn to discriminate against familiar heterospecific males (Turkish hamster, M. brandti). We investigated whether females learn to avoid any heterospecific male after exposure to just one heterospecific male.
We predicted that, after being exposed to one heterospecific male, a female would avoid mating not only with that familiar
male but also with any unfamiliar heterospecific male. We exposed females to a heterospecific male across a wire-mesh barrier
for 8 days and then paired the female with (a) that same heterospecific male or (b) an unfamiliar heterospecific male. Females
exhibited lordosis faster and for a longer duration toward the unfamiliar than toward the familiar heterospecific male. However,
females were similarly aggressive toward familiar and unfamiliar heterospecific males. Perhaps exposure to stimuli from several
heterospecific males (a likely scenario in the wild) would result in females behaving similarly toward familiar and unfamiliar
heterospecific males. 相似文献
12.
Social interaction between two rats placed in a hole-board apparatus was studied. The duration and frequency of active contact was higher for animals housed singly than for those housed in pairs, and for those tested with an unfamiliar rather than a familiar partner. Animals housed alone had a higher frequency and duration of passive contact, but the familiarity of the partner did not affect this measure. Chlorpromazine reduced the frequency of active contact but increased the frequency and duration of passive contact. When only one of the pair was drugged, both rats showed more frequent changes from one behavior to another, compared with pairs where both were in the same drug state. Animals housed alone showed the highest number of changes in behavior, and those tested with an unfamiliar partner showed a higher level than those tested with a familiar one. 相似文献
13.
Contemporary models of adult speech perception acknowledge that the processing of linguistic and nonlinguistic aspects of the speech signal are interdependent. But when in development does this interdependence first emerge? In the adult literature, one way to demonstrate this relationship has been to examine how language experience affects talker identification. Thus, in this study, 4- to 5-month-old infants (N = 96) were tested on their ability to tell apart talkers in a familiar language (English) compared to unfamiliar languages (Polish or Spanish). Infants readily distinguished between talkers in the familiar language but not in the unfamiliar languages, supporting the hypothesis that the integrated processing of linguistic and nonlinguistic information in speech is early emerging and robust. 相似文献
14.
Loel Kim Amanda J. Young Robert A. Neimeyer PhD Justin N. Baker MD Raymond C. Barfield 《Technical Communication Quarterly》2013,22(3):335-357
Viewing “informing” as a process to protect patients and support autonomy, we undertook a user-centered design process to develop online support for informed consent in pediatric Phase I research trials. Challenges included (a) delivering accurate information to people unfamiliar with medical terminology; (b) delivering this information humanely under time constraints and heightened emotions; (c) allowing users control over the information, while ensuring availability of legally required information. We addressed these challenges through analyses of audience, task, and information design. 相似文献
15.
Students are frequently presented with novel visualizations introducing scientific concepts and processes normally unobservable to the naked eye. Despite being unfamiliar, students are expected to understand and employ the visualizations to solve problems. Domain experts exhibit more competency than novices when using complex visualizations, but less is known about how and when learners develop representational fluency. This project examined students' moment-by-moment adoption patterns for scientific visualizations. In a laboratory experiment, introductory-level organic chemistry students viewed familiar ball-and-stick and novel electrostatic potential map representations while solving chemistry problems. Eye movement patterns, verbal explanations, and individual difference analyses showed that students initially relied on familiar representations, particularly for difficult questions. However, as the task unfolded, students with more prior knowledge began relying upon the novel visualizations. These results indicate adoption and fluent use of visualizations is not given; rather, it is a function of prior knowledge and unfolding experience with presented content. 相似文献
16.
陈伟 《上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2001,30(5):104-111
表现主义戏剧大师布莱希特的核心理论是“间离效果”、“打破第四堵墙”。他的理论直接来源于对中国戏曲实践的认识,是中国（东方）的戏曲美学观对西方戏剧模式的重大影响,布莱希特的理论不是照搬中国戏曲的表现方式,而是将中国戏曲表现方式的精华融入西方戏剧的表现方式,再造出一种全新的表现方式,这种改造和创新展示了世界戏剧发展的方向。布莱希特接受中国戏曲美学的影响主要在用新的编剧观念创作剧本、改革结构编排、借鉴中国戏曲的表现手法和舞台布景的改进等方面,通过这些改进调整了演剧中演员与角色、演员与观众的关系。 相似文献
17.
18.
Children show a disambiguation effect--a tendency to select unfamiliar rather than familiar things as the referents of new names. In previous studies, this effect has been reversed in young 2-year-olds, but not older children, by preexposing the unfamiliar objects, suggesting that attraction to novelty controls 2-years-olds' choices of referents for new names, but a mutual exclusivity and/or lexical gap-filling principle determines preschoolers' selections. Both the disambiguation effect and its reversal by preexposure were replicated in the present study; however, 24-month-olds' rate of selecting unfamiliar over familiar kinds was less when they were simply asked to choose between the items than when they were asked to identify the referents of unfamiliar names. Thus, some young children may have both an attraction to novel tokens and a tendency to honor an abstract lexical principle. Referent selections were also affected by object typicality and word similarity. Correlations between the tendency to acknowledge a new name's unfamiliarity and to treat it like a similar-sounding familiar name suggested that youngsters' phonological matching skills affect their interpretation of new names. Also, 4-year-olds who most often mapped distinctive-sounding new names to unfamiliar kinds tended to admit their unfamiliarity with these names most frequently, suggesting that children's increasing awareness of their own knowledge begins to affect their lexical processing during the preschool years. 相似文献
19.
Psychological factors capable of preventing the inhibition of antibody responses in separated infant monkeys 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The capacity of infant squirrel monkeys to mount an antibody response to viral challenge was evaluated after removal from their mothers in several social and physical environments. Control and separated infants were injected with a benign virus, the bacteriophage X174, and levels of neutralizing antibody were assessed for 3 weeks. Infants separated alone in an unfamiliar environment showed a significant reduction in antibody levels as compared to control infants. Allowing infants to remain in the home environment, either alone or with peers, prevented this inhibition of antibody responses from occurring. Similarly, providing familiar peers in the novel environment facilitated the normal expression of antibody responses. These results indicate that the trauma of maternal separation is significantly reduced when infants are familiar with the separation environment or familiar social companions are available. The reduced antibody response was associated with the highest level of adrenal activation induced by the unfamiliar separation condition, but antibody titers and plasma cortisol levels could not be specifically correlated in individual infants. 相似文献
20.
This study investigated whether the mere knowledge of the meaning of variables can facilitate inquiry learning processes and
outcomes. Fifty-seven college freshmen were randomly allocated to one of three inquiry tasks. The concrete task had familiar
variables from which hypotheses about their underlying relations could be inferred. The intermediate task used familiar variables
that did not invoke underlying relations, whereas the abstract task contained unfamiliar variables that did not allow for
inference of hypotheses about relations. Results showed that concrete participants performed more successfully and efficiently
than intermediate participants, who in turn were equally successful and efficient as abstract participants. From these findings
it was concluded that students learning by inquiry benefit little from knowledge of the meaning of variables per se. Some
additional understanding of the way these variables are interrelated seems required to enhance inquiry learning processes
and outcomes. 相似文献