共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 750 毫秒
1.
Signaled avoidance was studied in individual honeybees that visited the laboratory regularly to take sucrose solution from a target set on the sill of an open window. During feeding, substrate vibration or airstream was used to signal a brief shock that could be avoided by breaking off contact with the food for a few seconds. Aversive conditioning of the context was measured in terms of return time (the time between successive visits). In Experiment 1, experience with unsignaled shock was found to lengthen return time—which experience with signaled shock did not—and to impair performance in subsequent avoidance training with signaled shock (the US-preexposure effect). In Experiment 2, experience with unsignaled shock given after signaled avoidance training lengthened return time but had no effect on response to the signal in a subsequent extinction test. These results closely resemble the results obtained in analogous experiments with vertebrates. 相似文献
2.
M. E. Bitterman 《Learning & behavior》1996,24(2):123-141
The performance of free-flying and harnessed honeybees has been studied in a variety of experiments patterned after those in which learning in vertebrates has been studied—among them experiments on amount, quality, and probability of reward; on compound conditioning and discrimination; and on spatial learning and memory. Despite the remoteness of the evolutionary relationship and the vast differences in brain size and structure, the results for honeybees are strikingly similar to those for vertebrates in many respects and different in only a few. The extent to which phenomena of learning common to honeybees and vertebrates can be understood in terms of common functional principles and mechanisms remains to be determined. None of the differences in the results for honeybees and vertebrates points unmistakably to a difference in their learning. 相似文献
3.
Foraging honeybees were trained individually in two-choice spatial problems. Differentially rewarded for spatial alternation in Experiment 1 (“win-shift” training), they showed instead a clear tendency to perseverate—that is, to prefer on each trial the location of reward on the immediately preceding trial. On the basis of the results of Experiments 2 and 3, in which one location was rewarded over shorter or longer series of consecutive trials, an associative interpretation of the perseveration found in the first experiment was rejected in favor of an interpretation in terms of short-term spatial memory. Experiment 4, in which the animals were rewarded on each trial for choosing either location, also showed perseveration. Honeybees, like rats, seem to remember a rewarded location recently visited, but tend to return to it rather than, like rats, to avoid it. 相似文献
4.
In a series of three experiments, rats shifted from a 32% to a 4% sucrose solution, after 10 days’ exposure to the 32% solution, exhibited a negative contrast effect in lick rate. In each experiment, shifted rats that received a novel stimulus (tone) during the postshift period exhibited a higher lick rate (smaller contrast effect) than shifted subjects not receiving the tone. This increase in lick rate resembles Pavlovian disinhibition and is interpreted as supporting an inhibitory view of successive negative contrast effects. Control conditions included in Experiments 2 and 3 favored the disinhibition interpretation of the effect of the tone, as opposed to a rate-dependency hypothesis or to the nonspecific energization of behavior. In Experiments 4–6, the tone was introduced coincident with the occurrence of a simultaneous negative contrast effect. Rather than disinhibition, a decrease in licking occurred. These results were discussed in terms of differences between successive and simultaneous contrast. 相似文献
5.
Foraging honeybees were trained in a concurrent blocking design with a compound stimulus (AX) reinforced and one of its components (A) either reinforced for a blocking group or nonreinforced for a control group. In Experiment 1, a compound of two colors was used; in Experiment 2, a compound of two odors was used; in Experiment 3, a color-position compound, with position defined in terms of proximity to a distinctive visual landmark, was used; and, in Experiment 4, an odor-position compound was used. In each of the first three experiments, the blocking group responded less than did the control group in a subsequent test with X; in the fourth experiment, the two groups did not differ. The results are in accord with expectations based on those of previous experiments with honeybees in which the independence assumption was found to hold for intermodal compounds but not for intramodal compounds. 相似文献
6.
In three experiments, we studied the consequences of ejaculation upon the frustrative or contrast response of male rats exposed
to reward downshift situations (i.e., surprising changes from 32% to 4% sucrose solutions). Similar to what has been found
after treatment with anxiolytic agents, consummatory suppression was partially reversed by previous ejaculations in a second
postshift trial (Experiments 2 and 3), such a result not having been obtained in a first postshift trial (Experiment 1). Moreover,
the effect of ejaculations upon males' behavior during a second postshift trial was transitory, disappearing when assessed
during the third and fourth postshift trials (Experiment 3). These results are in accordance with both Amsel's (1958, 1992)
frustration theory and Flaherty's (1996) multistage hypothesis of successive negative contrast; the diverse factors that are
known to modulate contrast effects are considered, including an interpretation of the present data in terms of the anxiolytic-like
effect of the ejaculation. 相似文献
7.
In previous experiments with individual honeybees that visited the laboratory regularly to take sucrose solution from a target set on the shelf of an open window, the overlearning-extinction effect was found for high concentrations of sucrose but not for low. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine the possibility that declining resistance to extinction in the course of prolonged training with a high concentration of sucrose could be explained in terms of increasing nutritive level. Three groups of animals were extinguished on a distinctive target, one group after 6 visits to the target, a second after 18 visits to the target, and a third after 6 visits to the target that were interspersed among 12 visits to a different target. More rapid extinction in the second group than in the third, which had fewer training visits to the extinction target than the second but the same total number of training visits, rules out an explanation in terms of nutritive level and points instead to a frustration-like process evidenced also in earlier work on incentive contrast. 相似文献
8.
Aversive conditioning was studied in individual honeybees flying back and forth between the hive and the sill of an open laboratory window, where they took sucrose solution from a target so constructed that shock could be delivered while the proboscis was in contact with the solution. During feeding, a conditioned stimulus—substrate vibration or airstream—was paired with brief shock avoidable by interruption of feeding. In Experiment 1, unreinforced preexposure of the conditioned stimulus was found to retard acquisition (latent inhibition). In Experiment 2, which was designed to inquire into the stimulus specificity of the effect, differential conditioning was found to be impaired by unreinforced preexposure of the positive stimulus and facilitated by unreinforced preexposure of the negative stimulus. In Experiment 3, a summation experiment designed to test various alternative explanations of the effect, a preexposed stimulus was found to suppress response to an excitatory conditioned stimulus when the two stimuli were presented together. 相似文献
9.
《The Journal of educational research》2012,105(3):144-147
AbstractThe utility of signal detection theory as a framework for the interpretation of concept acquisition was studied in three experiments involving preschool children. In the first two experiments, one group was taught an unfamiliar line angle concept with an example sequence containing minimally different, juxtaposed positive and negative examples and the other group was taught the same concept with a sequence of positive examples. In both experiments, preschoolers taught with the sequence containing positive and negative examples correctly identified significantly more transfer items than the positive only group. In the third experiment, one group was taught an unfamiliar line angle concept with consistent wording from example to example. The other group was taught with instructions that changed from example to example. Subjects in the consistent group identified significantly more posttraining test items but did no better during transfer testing. The results are discussed in terms of signal strength and the signal-to-noise ratio of the instructional communication. 相似文献
10.
We examine some implications of an attentional model designed to explain dimensional contrast. Pigeons were trained to discriminate rectangular forms under conditions that produced positive dimensional contrast. In two experiments, the spacing of training stimuli was manipulated in ways that should have changed the allocation of attention. Experiment 1 compared the effect of an increased spacing between negative and positive stimuli with the effect of a decreased overall range of positive stimuli. Both manipulations increased the quality of discrimination performance. Experiment 2 demonstrated that dimensional contrast continued to occur under conditions that minimized the difficulty of the task. Results from these experiments were consistent with quantitative predictions of the attentional model concerning the interaction of discriminability factors and factors related to the allocation of attentional resources. 相似文献
11.
R. F. S. Job 《Learning & behavior》1988,16(4):451-460
The results of experiments on learned helplessness in the appetitive situation have varied from facilitation to debilitating effects produced by exposure to uncontrollable food. The conditions under which the interference effect (debilitation) may occur were examined in the first three experiments, employing the triadic design. Sixteen sets of conditions were examined. The results suggested that the effect occurs when (1) subjects are preexposed to the manipulandum to be used in the test stage, by having it present during pretreatment with uncontrollable food, and (2) the manipulandum employed during pretreatment is absent during the test stage. Furthermore, under the reverse conditions (test manipulandum absent during pretreatment, and pretreatment manipulandum present during testing) and partial reinforcement of the response contingent subjects during pretreatment, the test performance of rats exposed to uncontrollability was facilitated. Experiment 4 confirmed the occurrence of the interference effect under the suggested conditions. Apparently inconsistent results of previous studies may be interpreted in the light of these findings. 相似文献
12.
基于全要素生产率框架和规模报酬不变(CRS)假设,采用非参数的DEA方法测算海西20个设区市的全要素能源效率;在此基础上,采用空间计量模型考察海西城市全要素能源效率的区位特征及其影响因素。实证结果表明,空间计量模型对城市能源效率分布特征解释力更强,海西各市能源效率不仅取决于自身的区位条件,还与周边城市的能源效率水平正相关;空间相关条件下,对外开放度和产业结构对海西能源效率有显著地负作用,生产率增长是海西能源效率提高的主要推动因素。 相似文献
13.
Michael F. Brown Jonathan A. Moore Catherine H. Brown Kristen D. Langheld 《Learning & behavior》1997,25(4):473-484
Honeybees foraged from six locations, each of which was baited with sugar solution prior to each experimental trial. Under a variety of conditions, bees exhibited a small but reliable tendency to avoid revisits to locations that they had visited earlier during the experimental trial. These results replicate those of Brown and Demas (1994), who concluded that bees use working memory to discriminate previously visited locations from those not yet visited. The present experiments included procedures that allowed alternatives to this explanation to be more completely ruled out. The extent of spatial working memory performance exhibited by honeybees in these experiments appears to be limited by a process other than working memory capacity, perhaps the ability of bees to discriminate among several locations in close proximity to one another. 相似文献
14.
The matching behavior of honeybees in a patch of four artificial feeders was studied under two different environmental conditions in order to examine the involvement of different stimuli in the choice process. Matching fails if all nearby landmarks are removed but can, under certain conditions, be restored by subsequently introducing odors, colors, or landmarks showing that there is no unique stimulus modality that provides matching. We propose two fundamentally different memory processes, both of which affect feeding behavior and support matching. We suggest that in one case, the probability of choice is determined by the strength of direct associations between locally perceived odor stimuli and reward rates. In the second case, simultaneously perceived color stimuli predict the relative reward rates indirectly by the spatial representation of the four feeders. Both memory processes are likely to interact and lead to efficient feeding behavior during foraging under natural conditions. 相似文献
15.
Six experiments on learning in honeybees were prompted by the possibility that results previously attributed to a difference in amount of reward (20- versus 5-μl drops of sucrose solution presented on colored targets) might be due at least in part to a difference in delay of reward attendant on greater difficulty in locating the 5-μ1 drops. Substantial reduction in the diameter of the targets, which was designed to facilitate location of the drops, impaired discrimination of the colors, perhaps because their salience was reduced in the process (Experiment 3). White dots used to mark the location of the drops on larger targets also impaired discrimination of the colors, which presumably were overshadowed by the dots (Experiments 1, 2, and 4). That the dots did not serve merely to equate delay but were themselves discriminated was demonstrated in Experiment 5, which produced as well the first indication of an effect of amount of reward uncontaminated by the possibility of differential delay: Animals trained with a 5-μl drop on a dotted target of one color and a drop of the same size on an undotted target of a second color preferred the dotted target, but animals trained with a 5-μl drop on a dotted target of one color and a 20-μl drop on an undotted target of a second color preferred the undotted target. In Experiment 6, with odors substituted for the colors on the assumption that they were less likely to be overshadowed by the dots, what could be interpreted as a pure amount effect was found again. Aside from their relevance to questions about the role of amount of reward, the results have some interesting implications for the theory of discriminative learning in honeybees. 相似文献
16.
This study determined if test rats could utilize biological odors, generated from donor rats receiving reward (R) and frustrative nonreward (N) treatments, to predict reward and nonreward goal events equally well. In Phase 1, two groups of test rats were exposed to R and N odors that signaled, respectively, either R and N goal events (“same” condition) or N and R goal events (“opposite” condition). Rats demonstrated significant discriminative use of these odors under both conditions. Subjects in the “opposite” condition, however, were slightly slower to learn the discrimination. Reversal learning was readily accomplished in Phase 2, regardless of the same-opposite factor. Thus, little evidence for a constraint on learning was found, and an interpretation in terms of interfering response tendencies and their habituation seemed favored. 相似文献
17.
We doubt the prevailing interpretation of lower Judgments of Learning (JOLs) for testing over rereading to reflect learners' favoritism of an ineffective activity. We argue that JOLs for testing are biased due to a negative feedback effect. In three preregistered experiments (Nfinal = 306), we eliminated the feedback effect by asking students to only imagine learning with the described activities (rereading/testing) after reading a text and by capturing offline-JOLs (off-JOLs = being decoupled from the current learning experience) as a function of an imaginary final test delay (5 min/1 week/2 weeks). In 5-min conditions, off-JOLs consistently reflected no differences between rereading and testing; in 1-week and 2-week conditions, two (of three) experiments demonstrated an advantage of testing over rereading. These results are consistent with actual learning outcomes in an experiment using the same text and activities (Rummer et al., 2017, Exp. 1). Learners’ metacognitive judgments resembled actual learning outcomes more accurately than suggested by previous research. 相似文献
18.
These experiments examined one way in which the allocation of attentional resources can change performance during a visual discrimination task. Pigeons were trained to discriminate visual forms under conditions that produced dimensional contrast. In three experiments, negative training stimuli differed from positive stimuli either along a primary physical dimension alone or along both a primary dimension and an orthogonal dimension. When a negative stimulus differed from positive stimuli along two dimensions, discrimination of that negative stimulus improved. For one type of visual form, discrimination of the positive stimuli declined with orthogonal variation in a negative stimulus, whereas for other visual forms, there was no decline in performance. These results are consistent with a model of dimensional contrast that suggests that differences in the allocation of attentional resources determine discrimination performance. The results also indicate that the organization of stimulus dimensions plays a crucial role in the allocation of attentional resources in these settings. 相似文献
19.
In Experiments 1 and 2, honeybee foragers visiting the laboratory were fed on targets of two different colors, one containing 5 μl and the other containing 20 μl of 50% sucrose solution. The targets were presented singly in quasi-random sequences on the training visits, after which preference was measured in an unrewarded choice test. In Experiment 1, 16 differentially rewarded training trials with each color were followed by the same number of trials with the color-amount relation reversed; no preference for either color was found in the subsequent choice test. In Experiment 2, 20 differentially rewarded training trials with each color—enough to produce a clear preference for the 20-μl color when given directly after pretraining—were given after 10 feedings to repletion on each color that were calculated to generate near-asymptotic associative strength; no preference for either color was found in the subsequent choice test. In Experiment 3, there were 12 feedings to repletion on one color and, on the other, 12 feedings to repletion followed by 15 trials with a small (5 μl) reward; no preference was found in a subsequent choice test. The results of all three experiments support a nonrepresentational interpretation of the role of amount of reward in the learning of honeybees. 相似文献
20.
Ruth M. Colwill 《Learning & behavior》1993,21(4):337-345
The effect of training a positive discriminative stimulus (S+ ) as a signal for the nonreinforcement of an instrumental response (S?) on the ability of that stimulus to evoke its original instrumental response was examined in three experiments using rats. In all three experiments, two different stimuli were established as S+s for different response-outcome relations. In Experiment 1, an S+ was less effective in controlling its original response after it had undergone training as an S? for a new response that earned the same outcome than it was after training as an S? for a response that earned a different outcome. Experiment 2 established that this effect was not mediated by Pavlovian inhibitory conditioning produced by the negative correlation between the S+ and the outcome during S? training. Simply arranging a negative correlation between S+ and the outcome whose occurrence it had previously signaled did not impair the ability of that S+ to elicit its original response. In Experiment 3, the response-evoking properties of an S+ were found to be undermined by using the S+ as a signal for the simple extinction of a new response trained with the same outcome, but not with a different outcome. These results suggest that positive discriminative stimuli use their associations with the outcomes earned in their presence to control the responses that earned those outcomes. 相似文献