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1.
This paper investigates the impact of changing science policy doctrines on the development of an academic field, working life research. Working life research is an interdisciplinary field of study in which researchers and stakeholders collaborated to produce relevant knowledge. The development of the field, we argue, was both facilitated and justified by the, at the time dominant, science policy orthodoxy in Sweden, sector research. Sector research science policy doctrine favoured stakeholder-driven research agendas in the fields relevant to the sector. This approach to agenda setting was highly contested by Swedish universities and left scientists vulnerable to the fallout from any conflicts arising among the stakeholder groupings that were part of the governance arrangement. Our case shows that working life research was in part a victim of the struggle between science and policy over who sets the agenda for science in Sweden. In this struggle, each side chose to use ‘scientific quality’ as a proxy for furth ing its respective interests and visions for how science should be governed. The paper argues that this case is of interest to the continued elaboration of the Mode 2 thesis and the debate about ‘relevant science’. We find that the close association with stakeholders and the concomitant dependence it created left working life research unable to defend itself against its critics and that this state of affairs was particularly problematic for social science research on working life. 相似文献
2.
Abigail Woods 《Minerva》2009,47(2):195-216
Most histories of livestock disease in Britain treat the development of control policy as a government responsibility, to
which farmers made little constructive contribution. Similarly, farmers rarely appear in accounts of disease research. This
paper uses the example of contagious abortion (brucellosis) at the turn of the twentieth century to reveal that state-farming
collaboration in research and policy did in fact occur, and that it operated in various ways, with often unexpected outcomes.
The collaborative approach to contagious abortion is partly attributed to its clinical and epidemiological features, which
made it an unsuitable candidate for the existing, state-led policy of stamping out disease. It is claimed that such collaboration
has been overlooked by historians on account of their focus upon diseases that were amenable to stamping out. This focus needs
to change if history is to inform present-day disease governance in Britain, which is founded on the concept of ‘partnership’
between farmers and the state.
相似文献
| Abigail WoodsEmail: |
3.
This paper examines Brazil’s Sector Funds, an emerging research and development policy that seeks to increase public-private research collaboration. The first section sets the context of the ‘policy problem’. The second section discusses the policy’s implementation, and discusses its likely implications for Brazil and beyond. 相似文献
4.
This paper examines the potential pitfalls for academic research associated with goal displacements in the implementation of goals and indicators of research commercialization. We ask why patenting has come to serve as the key policy indicator of innovative capacity and what consequences this has for the organization of academic research. To address these questions, the paper presents a case study from Denmark on, firstly, why and how the 1999 Danish ‘Act on Inventions’ introduced patenting as a central instrument to Danish science policy and, secondly, the effects the Act has had on Danish university organization and research practices. We trace why and how commercialization was introduced as an important objective in Danish science policy since the 1980s. The increased focus on patents is explained as an isomorphic adjustment to an international ‘science policy field,’ manifested in particular through OECD statistics, where patenting has come to serve as a key metric in international rankings. In a second step, we examine what effects the patenting requirements have had on organization and research practice at a Danish university. We show that in practice ‘number of patents’ changed from serving as an indicator of innovative capacity to being a policy goal in itself, thus in effect producing a goal displacement that is potentially damaging for both academic research and innovation capacity of the surrounding society. As a consequence of this goal displacement, active scientists now increasingly engage in patenting primarily as a means to fulfill organizational targets and to increase their ‘fundability,’ rather than to promote commercial applications of their research. In conclusion, we discuss how these unfulfilled policy ambitions have led to a retrospective redefinition of policy goals rather than an adjustment of the actual policy tools. 相似文献
5.
Responsible innovation (RI) is gathering momentum as an academic and policy debate linking science and society. Advocates of RI in research policy argue that scientific research should be opened up at an early stage so that many actors and issues can steer innovation trajectories. If this is done, they suggest, new technologies will be more responsible in different ways, better aligned with what society wants, and mistakes of the past will be avoided. This paper analyses the dynamics of RI in policy and practice and makes recommendations for future development. More specifically, we draw on the theory of ‘trading zones’ developed by Peter Galison and use it to analyse two related processes: (i) the development and inclusion of RI in research policy at the UK’s Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC); (ii) the implementation of RI in relation to the Stratospheric Particle Injection for Climate Engineering (SPICE) project. Our analysis reveals an RI trading zone comprised of three quasi-autonomous traditions of the research domain – applied science, social science and research policy. It also shows how language and expertise are linking and coordinating these traditions in ways shaped by local conditions and the wider context of research. Building on such insights, we argue that a sensible goal for RI policy and practice at this stage is better local coordination of those involved and we suggest ways how this might be achieved. 相似文献
6.
Louise Ackers 《Minerva》2008,46(4):411-435
This paper discusses the relationship between internationalisation, mobility, quality and equality in the context of recent
developments in research policy in the European Research Area (ERA). Although these developments are specifically concerned
with the growth of research capacity at European level, the issues raised have much broader relevance to those concerned with
research policy and highly skilled mobility. The paper draws on a wealth of recent research examining the relationship between
mobility and career progression with particular reference to a recently completed empirical study of doctoral mobility in
the social sciences (Ackers et al. Doctoral Mobility in the Social Sciences. Report to the NORFACE ERA-Network, 2007). The
paper is structured as follows. The first section introduces recent policy developments including the European Charter for
Researchers and Code of Conduct for the Recruitment of Researchers and the European Commission’s Green Paper on the ERA. The
discussion focuses on concerns around the definition of ‘mobility’ and the tendency (in both policy circles and academic research)
to conflate different forms of mobility and to equate these with notions of excellence or quality. Scientific mobility is
shaped as much by ‘push’ factors (limited opportunity) as it is by the ‘draw’ of excellence. Scientists are exercising a degree
of ‘choice’ within a specific and individualised framework of constraints. The following sections consider some of the ‘professional’
and ‘personal’ factors shaping scientific mobility and the influence that these have on the relationship between mobility,
internationalisation and excellence. The paper concludes that mobility is not an outcome in its own right and must not be
treated as such (as an implicit indicator of internationalisation). To do so contributes to differential opportunity in scientific
labour markets reducing both efficiency and equality.
相似文献
| Louise AckersEmail: |
7.
STS research has devoted relatively little attention to the promotion and reception of science and technology by non-scientific
actors and institutions. One consequence is that the relationship of science and technology to political power has tended
to remain undertheorized. This article aims to fill that gap by introducing the concept of “sociotechnical imaginaries.” Through
a comparative examination of the development and regulation of nuclear power in the US and South Korea, the article demonstrates
the analytic potential of the imaginaries concept. Although nuclear power and nationhood have long been imagined together
in both countries, the nature of those imaginations has remained strikingly different. In the US, the state’s central move
was to present itself as a responsible regulator of a potentially runaway technology that demands effective “containment.”
In South Korea, the dominant imaginary was of “atoms for development” which the state not only imported but incorporated into
its scientific, technological and political practices. In turn, these disparate imaginaries have underwritten very different
responses to a variety of nuclear shocks and challenges, such as Three Mile Island (TMI), Chernobyl, and the spread of the
anti-nuclear movement.
Sheila Jasanoff is Pforzheimer Professor of Science and Technology Studies at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. Her research centers on the interactions of law, science, and politics in democratic societies. She is particularly concerned with the construction of public reason in various cultural contexts, and with the role of science and technology in globalization. Her most recent book is Designs on Nature: Science and Democracy in Europe and the United States. Sang-Hyun Kim is Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. He received Ph.D.’s in chemistry from Oxford and in history and sociology of science from Edinburgh. His research interests include the cultural politics of science and technology in twentieth-century Korea, the politics of expertise, the governance of science and technology, and the history and politics of environmental sciences. 相似文献
| Sang-Hyun KimEmail: |
Sheila Jasanoff is Pforzheimer Professor of Science and Technology Studies at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. Her research centers on the interactions of law, science, and politics in democratic societies. She is particularly concerned with the construction of public reason in various cultural contexts, and with the role of science and technology in globalization. Her most recent book is Designs on Nature: Science and Democracy in Europe and the United States. Sang-Hyun Kim is Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. He received Ph.D.’s in chemistry from Oxford and in history and sociology of science from Edinburgh. His research interests include the cultural politics of science and technology in twentieth-century Korea, the politics of expertise, the governance of science and technology, and the history and politics of environmental sciences. 相似文献
8.
The president’s science advisor was formerly established in the days following the Soviet launch of Sputnik at the height
of the Cold War, creating an impression of scientists at the center of presidential power. However, since that time the role
of the science advisor has been far more prosaic, with a role that might be more aptly described as a coordinator of budgets
and programs, and thus more closely related to the functions of the Office of Management and Budget than the development of
presidential policy. This role dramatically enhances the position of the scientific community to argue for its share of federal
expenditures. At the same time, scientific and technological expertise permeates every function of government policy and politics,
and the science advisor is only rarely involved in wider White House decision making. The actual role of the science advisor
as compared to its heady initial days, in the context of an overall rise of governmental expertise, provides ample reason
to reconsider the role of the presidential science advisor, and to set our expectations for that role accordingly.
相似文献
| Roberta KleinEmail: |
9.
This paper examines the promise of science and its role in shaping research policy. The promise of science is characterized by expectations of science, which are embedded in promissory discourses that envision futures made possible through advances in promising science. Through a single case study of the origins of Genome Canada, the research was guided by the question: How did expectations of genomics shape the creation of Genome Canada? A conceptualization of discursive power and expectations of genomics storylines provide the theoretical and analytical basis for an in-depth examination of the ideational effects and material impacts on research policy decisions over three years (1997–2000) that culminated in the creation of Genome Canada. Expectations of genomics storylines functioned in a complex interplay of discursive practices and dynamics among diverse policy actors within a genomics discourse-coalition to produce a range of ideational and material impacts. The expectations of genomics storylines produced powerful genomics subject-positions from which policy actors perceived their interests, identities and preferences and gained agency, which led to various material impacts, such as mobilizing support and funding, coordinating activities and transforming Canada’s research policy framework. With the increasing importance of research policy to a range of broader policy priorities underpinned by expectations that science will resolve societal challenges and contribute to socio-economic benefits, this paper sheds light on how complex research policy decisions are made; it further contributes to understanding the role of promissory discourses in shaping those decisions.
相似文献10.
David Tyfield 《Minerva》2012,50(2):149-167
Science and technology policy is both faced by unprecedented challenges and itself undergoing seismic shifts. First, policy is increasingly demanding of science that it fixes a set of epochal and global crises. On the other hand, practices of scientific research are changing rapidly regarding geographical dispersion, the institutions and identities of those involved and its forms of knowledge production and circulation. Furthermore, these changes are accelerated by the current upheavals in public funding of research, higher education and technology development in the wake of the economic crisis. The paper outlines an agenda for science & technology policy studies in terms of a research programme of a ‘cultural political economy of research and innovation’ (CPERI). First, the implications of the overlapping crises for science policy analysis are discussed. Secondly, three rough constellations of contemporary approaches to science policy are critically compared, namely: a techno-statist Keynesian governance; a neoliberal marketplace of ideas; and co-productionist enabling of democratic debate. CPERI is then introduced, showing how it builds on the strengths of co-production while also specifically targeting two major weaknesses that are of heightened importance in an age of multiple crises, namely neglect of political economy and the concept of power. 相似文献
11.
This article contributes to the current discussion on interdisciplinarity in the health research field. It focuses on the relationship between nursing research and gender research. Nursing research is a ‘health sciences’ field which draws from the social sciences, the humanities, and biomedicine. Previous research shows the difficulties that social scientists face in their efforts to integrate with biomedical scientists. The aim of this article is to analyse nursing researchers’ views about one potential collaboration partner in the social sciences and humanities: gender research. The study draws its theoretical insights from research within the sociology of science. It uses ideas about the intertwining of power and knowledge, which is especially emphasised in the works of Pierre Bourdieu. The research material consists of 180 abstracts of nursing research articles that argue in some way about the relationship between nursing research and gender research. The Scopus database was selected because it covers nursing research in a broad sense. The scope (28 years) of the study is long. The close reading of abstracts is inspired by rhetorical discourse analysis. We found three clearly different but also overlapping discourses that justified gender perspectives in nursing research: Gender research helps to highlight the socio-political context in nursing research; Gender research develops or reforms the nursing research tradition; and Gender research exists as a form of critique within nursing research. Most of the nursing research abstracts regard gender research positively for both external and internal reasons. The abstracts also demonstrate the tensions in the relationship and discuss the views and reasons that generate scepticism towards gender research in nursing research. 相似文献
12.
This paper demonstrates how the application of New Public Management (NPM) and the accompanying rise of academic capitalism
in allocating research funds in the German academic field have interacted with a change from federal pluralism to a more stratified
system of universities and departments. From this change, a tendency to build cartel-like structures of allocating symbolic
capital resulting in oligopolistic structures of appropriating research funds has emerged. This macro level structure is complemented
by the strengthening of the traditional oligarchic structures of research, carried out by an increasing number of assistants
under the direction of a professor on the meso level. The outcome of this institutional setting is a significant gap between
the appropriation of research funds according to the allocation of symbolic capital and the production of knowledge in publications.
The application of NPM therefore needs to be explained more as a result of the normative pressure of a globally established
model of “rational” administration, and less as a result of its functional effectiveness. This is demonstrated by an empirical
analysis with simple and multiple regressions using data on the allocation of research grants and publication records of German
chemistry departments. 相似文献
13.
Edgeir Benum 《Minerva》2007,45(4):365-387
This essay explores how the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Norway became linked into a
science policy discourse that radiated throughout the developed world. Despite political differences, this discourse changed
forever the expectations by which Norway’s universities and its fundamental research institutions were to operate.
相似文献
| Edgeir BenumEmail: |
14.
In the study of innovation institutions, it is important to consider how different institutional models can affect a research organization in conducting or funding successful work. As an industry collaborative, Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) provides an example of a privately funded institution that leverages the inputs of several member companies, along with federal funding, to accomplish innovation in its mission area. SRC has several component programs, all attempting to find innovative solutions to semiconductor problems, but on different time scales, and in different technology areas. But how does SRC use its resources to ensure these goals? Through data gathered from semi-structured qualitative interviews and SRC documentation, this paper addresses that question. SRC has found a way to leverage industry money to motivate and develop a robust field of university research for over 30 years. SRC uses several mechanisms for maintaining an application focused, member-centered decision process, institutional flexibility, and strong ties between industry contributors and university researchers. SRC has continued to keep its members satisfied by training thousands of graduate students for employment in their member companies, by focusing on precompetitive research that addresses industry requirements, and doing so in a manner that operates leanly, with low overhead to its funders. Given these successes, we identify aspects of SRC operations, such as a focus on its member company needs, frequent interactions between funders and researchers, flexible funding mechanisms, and focus on workforce development, that may be diffusible to innovation institutions, including federal research efforts. 相似文献
15.
Ju Oak Kim 《Culture, Theory & Critique》2018,59(2):81-93
ABSTRACTThis essay focuses on the relationship between culture and governance, exploring how the practice of government has invoked conflicts and crises in the Korean culture industries. The Park Geun-Hye regime used culture as a central engine to boost Korea's national economy by adopting the new slogan, ‘Creative Korea’, to embody the country's national values within the international community. However, the regime's constant emphasis on creative economies came under attack when it was discovered that the Ministry of Culture and Tourism abused its authority by censuring 9,473 artists who were critical of the regime. Through an analysis of journalistic interviews with artists, critics and cultural practitioners, this paper examines how the relationships of governmentality, culture and creativity have been negotiated in the process of regime change. In addition, this paper explores how the Korean Wave phenomenon – the transnational expansion of Korean popular culture – during the past two decades has reshaped the society's perception of the governor–governed relationship within the cultural sphere. 相似文献
16.
Taran Thune 《Minerva》2010,48(4):463-483
Changes in knowledge production, increasing interaction between government, universities and industry, and changes in labor
markets for doctoral degree holders are forces that have spurred a debate about the organization of doctoral education and
the competencies graduates need to master to work as scientists and researchers in a triple helix research context. Recent
policy also has supported a redefinition of researcher training with increasing focus on broader skills and relevance for
careers outside the university sector. Consequently, it is pertinent to investigate current changes in doctoral education
and researcher training. Particularly further knowledge about university–industry collaboration as a context for researcher
training is required. With this in mind, this study provides empirical illustrations of how research training carried out
in collaborative research contexts is experienced by doctoral students, and offers some insight into antecedent and process
factors that are central in shaping PhD students’ research and training experience in collaborative research contexts. Based
on the empirical data and a review of existing literature, suggestions for further research are made. 相似文献
17.
Tobias Olofsson 《Journal of Cultural Economy》2020,13(3):265-277
ABSTRACTThis paper uses ethnographic and archival data to analyze the creation and legitimation of predictions in industrial mineral exploration in Sweden. The search for exploitable ore deposits is a finance intensive process of resource creation in which mineral explorationists (e)valuate mineral deposits in order to assess their future minability. This paper builds on the recent literature on ‘imagined futures’ and futurework and combines it with the conceptual toolkit provided by (e)valuation research in order to outline how mineral explorationists establish a deposit’s existence and its future minability. Arguing that the creation of imagined futures plays an important role in mining and other social and economic phenomena, this article shows how imagined futures are created, and by whom, in the field of industrial mineral exploration, and how the creation of these futures is situated in a universe of actors’ beliefs, of valuation devices, and of norms and standards. The paper also shows how industrial standards guide this predictive enterprise and provides legitimacy to the results. 相似文献
18.
In 1916, French entomologist Paul Marchal published a seminal report on the contemporary state of agricultural research in the United States of America. His recommendations underlined the need for a close relationship between research and education, a factor vital to national survival in the aftermath of the Great War. This essay discusses the context of this report, and assesses its consequences for government policy towards agricultural research and education in France. 相似文献
19.
The analysis of social networks has remained a crucial and yet understudied aspect of the efforts to measure Triple Helix linkages. The Triple Helix model aims to explain, among other aspects of knowledge-based societies, “the current research system in its social context” (Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff 2000:109). This paper develops a novel approach to study the research system from the perspective of the individual, through the analysis of the relationships among researchers, and between them and other social actors. We develop a new set of techniques and show how they can be applied to the study of a specific case (a group of academics within a university department). We analyse their informal social networks and show how a relationship exists between the characteristics of an individual’s network of social links and his or her research output. 相似文献
20.
Eun-Sung Kim 《Minerva》2008,46(4):463-484
This study explores the history of nanotechnology from the perspective of protein engineering, which differs from the history
of nanotechnology that has arisen from mechanical and materials engineering; it also demonstrates points of convergence between
the two. Focusing on directed evolution—an experimental system of molecular biomimetics that mimics nature as an inspiration
for material design—this study follows the emergence of an evolutionary experimental system from the 1960s to the present,
by detailing the material culture, practices, and techniques involved. Directed evolution, as an aspect of nanobiotechnology,
is also distinct from the dominant biotechnologies of the 20th century. The experimental systems of directed evolution produce
new ways of thinking about molecular diversity that could affect concepts concerning both biology and life.
Eun-Sung Kim is currently working at the Biotechnology Policy Research Center at the Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology. His academic career has been built on risk, bioethics, and science studies associated with life science, biomedicine, and the environment. He has published in Science, Technology, and Human Values and New Genetics and Society. His current interest is in social and policy studies of technological convergence. 相似文献
| Eun-Sung KimEmail: |
Eun-Sung Kim is currently working at the Biotechnology Policy Research Center at the Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology. His academic career has been built on risk, bioethics, and science studies associated with life science, biomedicine, and the environment. He has published in Science, Technology, and Human Values and New Genetics and Society. His current interest is in social and policy studies of technological convergence. 相似文献