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二、弯道滑跑的基本技术从一个弯道滑跑的动作用期的内容中,我们从研究技术的观点看,基本技术主要是滑行姿势、蹬冰、收腿、平衡条件(支撑)以及它们之间的协调配合关系。 1、姿势设计中国有句俗话:干啥要象啥。我们速度滑冰运动员在跑道滑行时,他也应象个滑行的样子,这个样子也就是我们说的滑行姿势。那么,究竟是什么样的姿势才属于正确的姿势呢?我们认为我国提出的低姿势、大幅度、高频率就是较正确的姿势和滑跑风格,低姿势正符合弯道的技术要求,但在直线上还有一定的不同 相似文献
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男子三级跳远运动员跨步跳踏跳技术的生物力学分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
运用SAFMS-T型六维测力平台测量与平面定点录像解析相结合的研究方法，从冲击阶段、积极缓冲阶段、反射蹬伸阶段、动力蹬伸阶段等，对男子三级跳远运动员跨步跳技术进行分析。结果显示：踏跳着地技术的优劣表现在以髋关节为轴的大腿积极剪绞速度和幅度；踏跳缓冲技术中，形成以膝、踝关节主动缓冲的积极缓冲阶段和以屈踝缓冲为主的反射蹬伸阶段；踏跳蹬伸技术中，反射蹬伸阶段获得垂直速度，动力蹬伸阶段获得水平速度。 相似文献
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李世明 《山东体育学院学报》2004,20(3):54-56
通过对沙滩、室内排球同一上步扣球起跳动作进行运动学、动力学同步数据采集，比较了二的力、冲量及功率等指标，得出如下结论：1)沙滩排球扣球起跳蹬伸阶段下肢肌群爆发力的发挥水平远远低于室内排球，不利于增大蹬伸冲量的积累；2)分析起跳冲量的内部结构发现。沙滩排球扣球起跳的蹬伸冲量远小于室内排球，从而致使沙滩起跳的恢复系数小于室内的；3)沙滩排球起跳的速度力量水平发挥远低于室内排球是在沙滩上起跳效果差的主要影响因素。 相似文献
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关于速滑蹬冰中伸膝压踝技术的研究 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
通过对蹬冰过程中肢关节角，角速度及关节点的分析，阐述了速滑蹬冰中伸膝压踝技术的特点及重要意义，结果认为，伸膝压踝是蹬冰技术中的关键环节之一，是正确技术的反映，应引起足够的重视，所谓伸膝压踝是蹬冰过程中伴随着膝关节的伸展，踝关节主动背屈的技术动作，伸膝压踝技术的作用效果是：一方面小腿主动前倾，重心前移，致使由蹬伸动作而产生的速度矢量方向更趋于侧前方，另一方面改变了膝关节点的运动轨迹，使之呈现前下方运动，避免由于髋、膝关节伸展而造成的重心上抬问题，提高了蹬冰作用的实效性。 相似文献
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花样滑冰的前交叉蹬冰技术是初学者由直线滑行到变向滑行的一个台阶,同时又是运动员滑行用刃的基础和起速的一种滑行方式。因此,这个动作无论对初学者还是较高水平运动员来说都具有一定技术意义。本文通过多年对花样滑冰的教学实践与研究,总结出前交叉蹬冰技术的四种教学方法,实践证明这四种教学方法对学生掌握和提高前交叉蹬冰技术动作有一定作用。 相似文献
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一身体姿势练习1.滑行练习目的:掌握开始和结束时的身体姿势练习方法:做滑行,使身体俯卧在水面,两臂前伸,保持身体姿势的水平。2.身体位置练习练习目的:在蹬腿的推进力阶段保持身体的流线型 相似文献
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Raymond T. Stefani 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(12):1329-1339
Abstract A uniform measure of the gender-related differential performance of female and male Olympic and World champions is proposed: relative power output applied to the environment. Laws of physics are employed to derive equations for estimating relative power output. In previous controlled laboratory studies, equally trained male and female athletes were shown to have a relative power output not significantly different from relative lean body mass. As to the estimated power output for 32 Olympic and World championship events contested between 1976 and 2004, eight in running, four in speed skating, three in jumping, twelve in swimming and five in rowing: 100% of the 32 event mean percentage differences in power output and 96% of the 411 event percentage differences in power output are within one standard deviation of the appropriate lean body mass percentage difference, consistent with equality of training. For 1952 – 1972, significantly higher percentage differences in power output are estimated in running and swimming compared with 1976 – 2004, consistent with women being less well trained than men during that earlier period. It is noted that efforts in recent years to provide equality of opportunity for female athletes coincide with equalization of estimated relative power output in competition with the relative lean body mass. 相似文献
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This case study reports the results of a 12-year (2005–2016) follow-up study of two Olympic champion rowers. The rowers were prospective athletes at the junior level when the study began, and we monitored their relevant physiological and performance data annually. Our findings indicated that their V?O2max gradually increased up to about 22 years of age and leveled off at a value of approximately 7 l·min?1 with minimal fluctuations thereafter. However, the variables that directly influence the V?O2max changed. There was an age-related decline in maximal heart rate of about 0.5 beats·year?1, while oxygen pulse, which serves as an indirect measure of stroke volume, correspondingly increased by about 1 ml O2·beat?1 per year, allowing the athletes to maintain exceptional V?O2max values. Maximal minute power of the studied rowers, derived each year from their ramp-wise tests, closely resembled the mean power output sustained during the 2000-m all-out tests on a rowing ergometer. A 12-year improvement of 28% and 33% occurred for the mean power output sustained over 2000 and 6000-m on a rowing ergometer, respectively. The findings contribute to the body of knowledge on athletes representing the true elites of their respective sports. 相似文献
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Tarak Driss Tarak Driss Henry Vandewalle Jacques Quièvre Christian Miller Hugues Monod 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(2):99-105
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of external loading on power output during a squat jump on a force platform in athletes specializing in strength and power events (6 elite weight-lifters and 16 volleyball players) and in 20 sedentary individuals. Instantaneous power was computed from time-force curves during vertical jumps with and without an external load (0, 5 or 10 kg worn in a special vest). The jumps were performed from a squat position, without lower limb counter-movement or an arm swing. Peak instantaneous power corresponded to the highest value of instantaneous power during jumping. Average power throughout the push phase of the jump was also calculated. A two‐way analysis of variance showed significant interactions between the load and group effects for peak instantaneous power ( P < 0.01) and average power ( P < 0.001). Peak instantaneous power decreased significantly in sedentary individuals when moderate external loads were added. The peak instantaneous power at 0 kg was greater than that at 5 and 10 kg in the sedentary individuals. In contrast, peak instantaneous power was independent of load in the strength and power athletes. Mean power at 0 kg was significantly lower than at 5 kg in the athletes; at 0 kg it was significantly higher than at 10 kg in the sedentary males and at 5 and 10 kg in the sedentary females. In all groups, the force corresponding to peak instantaneous power increased and the velocity corresponding to peak instantaneous power decreased with external loading. The present results suggest that the effects of external loading on peak instantaneous power are not significant in strength and power athletes provided that the loads do not prevent peak velocity from being higher than the velocity that is optimal for maximal power output. 相似文献
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Michael J. Falvo Brian K. Schilling Lawrence W. Weiss 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(2):293-311
Power is an integral aspect of many sports. Although power output of the lower body is often measured during jumping and cycling movements, much less is known about power as pertains to the upper body musculature. Recently, isoinertial methods ‐ with constant gravitational load ‐ of power testing have become common, but little is known of the reliability and criterion validity of these tests as they pertain to sport performance. In addition, the varied methodology makes a lucid model more evasive. The aims of this review are to examine the various methods of assessing upper body power, to establish its role in predicting athletic performance, and to assess the body of literature that has assessed power output of the upper extremities by isoinertial methods. To our knowledge, only two studies on isoinertial upper‐body power have shown a direct correlation to sporting ability (Baker, 2001; Baker et al., 2001); therefore, many unanswered questions exist as to the efficacy of these tests as predictors of athletic ability or as a method to track athletes’ training over time. From this review we hope to allow the sport coach to assess the overall utility of these tests in terms of availability, safety and external validity. 相似文献
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当前世界竞技运动存在着一种偏重于从生物学角度研究提高运动员能力的倾向．以致造成国际赛场上常出现重物轻人的异化现象。本文以韩国足球崛起为例，从生物学、心理学和社会学3个方面研究当代竞技运动物力、心力和外力的聚合，为提高运动员的综合素质，抵制国际竞技运动因过度商业化、职业化和兴奋剂滥用导致的异化现象提供理论依据，为积极促进国际奥林匹克运动可持续发展提供思想资源。 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to determine the effects of external loading on power output during a squat jump on a force platform in athletes specializing in strength and power events (6 elite weight-lifters and 16 volleyball players) and in 20 sedentary individuals. Instantaneous power was computed from time-force curves during vertical jumps with and without an external load (0, 5 or 10 kg worn in a special vest). The jumps were performed from a squat position, without lower limb counter-movement or an arm swing. Peak instantaneous power corresponded to the highest value of instantaneous power during jumping. Average power throughout the push phase of the jump was also calculated. A two-way analysis of variance showed significant interactions between the load and group effects for peak instantaneous power (P< 0.01) and average power (P< 0.001). Peak instantaneous power decreased significantly in sedentary individuals when moderate external loads were added. The peak instantaneous power at 0 kg was greater than that at 5 and 10 kg in the sedentary individuals. In contrast, peak instantaneous power was independent of load in the strength and power athletes. Mean power at 0 kg was significantly lower than at 5 kg in the athletes; at 0 kg it was significantly higher than at 10 kg in the sedentary males and at 5 and 10 kg in the sedentary females. In all groups, the force corresponding to peak instantaneous power increased and the velocity corresponding to peak instantaneous power decreased with external loading. The present results suggest that the effects of external loading on peak instantaneous power are not significant in strength and power athletes provided that the loads do not prevent peak velocity from being higher than the velocity that is optimal for maximal power output. 相似文献
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The effects of strength training of the quadriceps on peak power output during isokinetic cycling has been investigated in a group of 17 young healthy volunteers. Subjects trained by lifting near‐maximal loads on a leg extension machine for 12 weeks. Measurements of maximal voluntary isometric force were made at 2–3 week intervals and a continual record was kept of the weights lifted in training. Peak power output was measured at 110 rev min–1 and at either 70 or 80 rev min–1 before and after the 12 week training period. Measurements of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) were made on 12 subjects before and after training. The greatest change was in the weights lifted in training which increased by 160–200%. This was accompanied by a much smaller increase in maximum isometric force (3–20%). There was no significant change in peak power output at either speed. The VO2max remained unchanged with training. The role of task specificity in training is discussed in relation to training regimes for power athletes and for rehabilitation of patients with muscle weakness. 相似文献
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Fourteen elite and 14 amateur athletes were subjected to vibratory stimulation during bilateral biceps curl exercises of explosive strength exertion. The athletes performed two separate series of three sets of exercises in random order. The second set of one series was administered with superimposed vibration of 44 Hz and an acceleration of about 30 m .s-2 transmitted through the two-arms handle to the arm muscles. The mechanical power of each repetition was measured by the ‘Power Teach’ instrument. The maximal and mean power values for each set were automatically recorded and shown on the screen. The acute effect was evaluated as the difference between the mean and peak power output in the second (with vibratory stimulation) and first (without vibratory stimulation) sets. Similarly, the residual effect was taken to be the difference between the power values of the third (after vibratory stimulation) and the first (before vibratory stimulation) sets. The results were subjected to a repeated-measures analysis of variance with group as a between-participants factor. The results showed that exercise mode (with vs without vibratory stimulation) resulted in a significant immediate effect for mean power and for maximal power. The factor group (elite vs amateurs) resulted in a significant effect for maximal power only. The increase in explosive strength exertion attributed to vibratory stimulation was 30.1 and 29.8 W (10.4% and 10.2%) for maximal and mean power respectively in the elite group, and 20.0 and 25.9 W (7.9% and 10.7%) respectively in the amateur athletes. Vibratory stimulation resulted in an insignificant residual effect. 相似文献
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郭奕海 《山东体育学院学报》2006,22(2):96-98
采取文献资料法、实地观察法、录像观察法、统计法对中外优秀女子蹦床运动员的动作进行分析,得出结论：我国优秀女子运动员和世界优秀女子运动员之间的动作难度差距在于动作的转体和动作姿势上,我国优秀女子运动员的动作转体度数小,以直体、屈体姿势完成的动作少;在动作的翻转上,中外优秀女子运动员之间不存在明显差距. 相似文献
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目的：探讨ACTN3 R577X多态性与青少年运动员爆发力素质及其表型指标的关联性，并检验ACTN3 R577X作为分子标记在青少年运动员科学选材中应用的可行性。方法：选取上海地区青少年业余体校青少年运动员96名，其中男运动员58名，女运动员38名，根据项目特点分为爆发力组和耐力组；利用SNaPshot SNP分型技术对采集的DNA样本进行基因分型。爆发力组运动员进行立定跳远、原地纵跳指标的测试。结果：青少年爆发力组运动员ACTN3 R577X基因型分布与青少年耐力组运动员(x2=7.289，P<0.05)和对照组人群(x2=6.831，P<0.05)均存在显著性差异；青少年爆发力组运动员的ACTN3 R577X等位基因频率与青少年耐力组运动员(x2=7.498，P<0.01)和对照组人群(x2=7.923，P<0.01)均存在显著性差异。在青少年爆发力组男、女运动员中，RR、RX基因型运动员的立定跳远和原地纵跳成绩都要显著性高于XX基因型的运动员（P<0.05，P<0.01）。结论 ACTN3基因 R577X多态性与上海地区青少年运动员爆发力素质存在关联，ACTN3基因 R577X多态性与立定跳远、原地纵跳等爆发力素质表型指标存在关联，ACTN3 基因R577X多态性可以作为青少年速度力量型运动员选材的分子标记。 相似文献