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1.
人体腰椎在发力动作中的受力特点与运动损伤 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
章旌红 《武汉体育学院学报》2001,35(4):42-44
腰椎生物力学的参数显示腰椎在发力动作中主要受弯矩和压力作用。外负荷和肌力是影响腰椎载荷的主要因素，其中以肌力为主，肌力值足外负荷的9-10倍。髋关节角度越大，外负荷能力越强，180^。时，达到最大。减少腰椎负荷最有效的办法是通过伸髋展体减小阻力臂以减少弯矩。 相似文献
2.
徐子童 《体育科技文献通报》2023,(2):50-52+168
目的：探索艺术体操运动员髋关节损伤发生的专项特征，提出预防措施。方法：运用文献资料法和访谈法等研究方法，对艺术体操运动员髋关节损伤特征、致因及动作纠正方法进行分析。研究结果：(1)艺术体操身体难度中，髋关节前屈、后伸分别或同时出现，外展和外旋结合出现，无内收和内旋动作，运动员髋关节肌力失衡，外展大于内收肌力。(2)到达竞赛年龄运动员的技术、体能训练的专项化实践与运动员身体素质高速发展的发育规律相悖，可能错失素质发展高峰期。(3)运动员群体中存在髋关节先天发育不良和关节松弛、过早专项化和重技术轻体能的特征，导致出现双侧肢体发展不均衡、力量水平难以承受训练负荷、髋关节局部负担过重等问题，形成损伤风险。(4)髋关节损伤的预防主要包括：纠正动作，提高双侧肌力平衡；加强核心区力量训练，保持关节的稳定性；完善选拔机制，将运动员健康水平以及全面的基础能力纳入选材指标体系。 相似文献
3.
男子跳高一二级运动员髋关节肌力特征对比研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用等速测力实验等研究方法，对男子跳高一二级运动员髋关节肌力进行测试分析。发现两者表现出以下肌力平衡特征：一级运动员髋关节的肌力特征与跳高起跳技术用力特点相一致，即摆动腿髋关节屈肌力显著大于起跳腿，屈肌缺失值和伸肌缺失值较大；摆动腿髋关节屈伸比大、起跳腿小。而二级运动员髋关节肌力矩未表现出此特征。 相似文献
4.
通过对两名高水平女子链球运动员双侧的髋关节和膝关节进行等速测试,探究运动员髋关节和膝关节周围肌群的生物力学特性,为运动训练和运动康复等提供理论依据。利用等速肌力测试系统对两名运动员的髋关节和膝关节屈伸肌群以及髋关节的旋内旋外肌群进行等速测试。结果发现:两名运动员双侧髋关节和膝关节屈伸肌群以及髋关节的旋内旋外肌群的峰力矩随测试速度的增加呈递减趋势,髋膝关节峰力矩屈伸比和髋关节旋内旋外比随既定测试速度的增加呈递增趋势;同一测试速度下,伸肌肌群的峰力矩大于屈肌肌群,髋关节旋外肌群的峰力矩大于旋内肌群。 相似文献
5.
运用生物力学的研究方法,对体院非体育专业10名女生在练习太极拳中右膝关节承受大负荷的典型动作（海底针）可能造成膝关节损伤的力学机制进行研究,并提出相应的预防措施。结果表明：动作中膝关节重力矩、肌力矩的显著增加是膝关节损伤的主要力学机制;股四头肌所承受负荷（肌力）的显著增加是髌韧带损伤的主要机制;肌力矩变化量和关节角度变化量的相关性显著,健身者可以通过改变膝关节角度预防损伤;健身者也可以通过减少运动时身体负重,掌握动作技术要领来预防损伤。 相似文献
6.
自由式滑雪女子空中技巧优秀运动员下肢肌力与静态平衡能力特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用等速测试和平衡测试方法,对我国优秀自由式滑雪空中技巧女子运动员的髋关节、膝关节屈肌力和伸肌力以及4种站姿下的静态平衡能力特征进行研究。结果表明髋关节右侧屈伸肌力、屈伸肌力比、平均功率值稍大于左侧屈肌力量,膝关节伸肌左、右侧单位体重峰力矩和左、右侧平均功率4个指标数值均大于屈肌,在60°/s（慢速）和240°/s（快速）不同的测试速度下,单位体重屈伸峰力矩、屈伸平均功率、屈伸肌力、平均功率随着测试速度的增加出现了显著性差异;正常双脚站立的平衡性大于单脚站立的平衡性。建议合理控制体重及均衡的训练肌肉力量,在适度提高运动速度的情况下,加强下肢伸肌力量的训练,为运动员进行针对性的力量训练、训练后肌肉效果的评价、运动员选材提供科学依据及有价值的理论参考。 相似文献
7.
研究速度滑冰运动员的膝关节及髋关节等速肌力与功率自行车及滑板运动的无氧功之间的关系。结果表明，膝关节及髋关节肌力与功率自行车及滑板滑行无氧功之间存在着密切的关系。为提高速滑运动员的竞技能力，除提高膝关节肌力之外，应积极地把髋关节肌力训练采纳到训练计划中是非常有必要的。 相似文献
8.
通过对男子青少年中跑运动员进行髋、膝关节等速肌力测试,发现男子青少年中跑运动员髋、膝关节肌力特点及薄弱肌群。方法：对16名上海优秀男子青少年中跑运动员进行髋、膝关节单侧等速向心60°／s×6和240°／s×6测试记录测试峰力矩、最大功率、屈伸肌峰力矩比值。结果：髋关节屈肌峰力矩和相对峰力矩在两个速度存在显著差异（P〈0．05）,伸肌峰力矩和相对峰力矩两个速度存在高度显著差异（P〈0．01）,屈伸肌峰力矩比值存在显著差异（P〈0．05）,膝关节屈肌峰力矩及相对峰力矩无差异,而伸肌峰力矩和相对峰力矩在两个速度存在显著差异（P〈0．05）,屈伸肌峰力矩比值无差异。研究对象髋关节屈肌最大功率和相对最大功率在两个速度存在高度显著差异（P〈0．01）,伸肌最大功率和相对最大功率存在显著差异（P〈0．05）,膝关节屈伸肌最大功率和相对最大功率在两个速度存在高度显著差异（P〈0．01）。结论：髋关节随测试速度增加最大力矩呈现下降趋势,高速测试时峰力矩屈／伸值下降,髋关节屈肌力量需加强;膝关节伸肌峰力矩随测试速度增加减小,屈肌及峰力矩屈／伸值变化不明显。 相似文献
9.
目的：探索跆拳道运动员前横踢动作下肢优势侧和非优势侧的运动生物力学特征差异性。方法：采用Vicon三维运动捕捉系统、Kistler三维测力台和Deado电子护具计分系统,采集13名跆拳道运动员前横踢动作下有效得分时髋、膝、踝关节的运动学和动力学数据,使用Visual3D软件对采集数据进行逆向运动学和动力学计算,并对结果采用配对样本T检验的方法进行差异性分析。结果：(1)进攻腿：髋关节屈曲力矩峰值、膝关节伸展力矩峰值优势侧大于非优势侧(p<0.05),膝关节屈曲最大角度优势侧大于非优势侧(p<0.01),髋关节伸展力矩峰值、外展最大角度非优势侧大于优势侧(p<0.01)。(2)支撑腿：髋关节屈曲幅度、屈曲功率峰值、外展功率峰值优势侧大于非优势侧(p<0.05),髋关节外展力矩峰值、膝关节伸展力矩峰值优势侧大于非优势侧(p<0.01),髋关节伸展角速度峰值、踝关节跖屈力矩峰值非优势侧大于优势侧(p<0.05),髋关节外展角速度峰值、膝关节屈曲力矩峰值、踝关节旋外角速度峰值非优势侧大于优势侧(p<0.01)。(3)进攻腿击打力度值及进攻腿和支撑腿垂直... 相似文献
10.
《体育与科学》2017,(6):105-109
目的:通过对江苏游泳项目运动员的肩关节旋转肌力-肩损伤的队列研究,探寻肩部旋转肌力和肩关节损伤的因果关系,为肩损伤的预防和康复,提供更为有力的支持和指导。方法:对游泳运动员进行肩关节等速旋转肌力的测试,在随后的26个月内,采集受试运动员肩关节损伤发生率。用生存分析的方法得出旋转肌力指标和肩关节损伤风险的关系,为被动治伤和积极防伤提供参考。结果:男子运动员的外旋肌力量作为降低风险的因素存在(p=0.000),女子运动员的外旋肌力量作为降低风险的因素存在(p=0.003)。结论:从预防游泳运动员肩关节损伤的角度,应该积极加强肩部外旋肌力的训练。 相似文献
11.
Michael Lawrence Erin Hartigan Chunhao Tu 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(2):186-194
Sprinting while towing a sled improves sprinting parameters, however, only kinematic and temporal–spatial variables have been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine how lower extremity joint moment impulses alter when towing a sled compared to normal walking. Twelve participants walked normally, walked while towing a sled with a 50% body weight load attached at the waist, and with a 50% body weight load attached at the shoulders. Joint moment impulses were calculated for the hip, knee, and ankle. A mixed-model ANOVA with a between-subject factor of limb and repeated measures of condition was used to compare differences between limbs and towing conditions for each joint. Towing a sled increased joint moment impulses at the hip, knee, and non-dominant ankle. When compared with normal walking waist attachment increased hip extension moment impulse by 214.5% ( ? 3.31 vs. ? 10.41 Nms/kg), and shoulder attachment increased knee extension moment impulse by 166.9% (4.62 vs. 12.33 Nms/kg). The dominant limb produced greater knee extension moment impulse (p < 0.001), while the non-dominant limb produced greater hip extension (p < 0.001) and ankle plantarflexion moment impulse (p < 0.001) across all conditions. Results suggest that walking while towing may increase hip and knee extension strength. 相似文献
12.
Daniel Jandacka Jaroslav Uchytil Roman Farana David Zahradnik Joseph Hamill 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2014,13(1):75-86
The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine the barbell load that maximised the system power as well as the ankle, knee, and hip joint powers during the squat jump, and (2) to compare the system powers computed from two different methods: the centre of mass (COM) method and the barbell method. Seven male throwers were recruited in this study. The system power (COM method) and the ankle, knee, and hip joint powers were determined with the load incrementally set at 0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% of one repetition maximum. The largest system power was observed at the load of 30% (p < 0.008) while the largest ankle and knee powers were observed at 70% and 0% (p < 0.05). The barbell method overestimated the system power (p < 0.001) when compared to the COM method. It was concluded that the barbell method could influence load optimisation in squat jump. The optimal barbell load which maximised the system power did not maximise the ankle, knee, or hip power simultaneously. 相似文献
13.
《Journal of sports sciences》2012,30(1):100-105
ABSTRACTA common practice in resistance training is to perform sets of exercises at, or close to failure, which can alter movement dynamics. This study examined ankle, knee, hip, and lumbo-pelvis dynamics during the barbell back squat under a moderate-heavy load (80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM)) when performed to failure. Eleven resistance trained males performed three sets to volitional failure. Sagittal plane movement dynamics at the ankle, knee, hip, and lumbo-pelvis were examined; specifically, joint moments, joint angles, joint angular velocity, and joint power. The second repetition of the first set and the final repetition of the third set were compared. Results showed that while the joint movements slowed (p < 0.05), the joint ranges of motion were not altered There were significant changes in most mean joint moments (p < 0.05), indicating altered joint loading. The knee moment decreased while the hip and lumbo-pelvis moments underwent compensatory increases. At the knee and hip, there were significant decreases (p < 0.05) in concentric power output (p < 0.05). Whilst performing multiple sets to failure altered some joint kinetics, the comparable findings in joint range ofmotion suggest that technique was not altered. Therefore, skilled individuals appear to maintain technique when performing to failure. 相似文献
14.
以当代短跑训练理论为指导,运用文献资料、个案研究、实验等方法对江苏省女子优秀短跑运动员秦旺萍进行增强髋关节力量训练的跟踪研究。研究认为增强髋关节力量(尤其是伸髋力量)对优秀短跑运动员具有十分重要的意义,它是当代优秀短跑选手以髋为轴高速摆动技术的重要保证,在短跑力量训练中应引起足够的重视。 相似文献
15.
目的:对辽宁省排球队女运动员下肢急停纵跳落地时的力矩和最大关节角度进行研究,以期对有膝关节损伤的排球运动员进行科学训练提供参考。方法:以14名辽宁省排球队女运动员为研究对象,将运动员分为两组,其中无伤组8人,损伤组6人,采用三维测力平台和红外光电运动捕捉系统,记录受试者在完成急停纵跳动作落地时的髋关节、膝关节、踝关节的力矩以及最大关节角度数据。结果:在急停纵跳落地时,损伤膝关节的旋转、收展力矩大于无伤组,屈伸力矩小于无伤组,损伤组的髋关节的屈伸、收展、旋转力矩均大于无伤组;损伤组的踝关节旋转力矩小于无伤组,收展力矩和屈伸力矩大于无伤组。损伤组的踝关节在屈伸、收展和旋转时的最大关节角度大于无伤组;损伤组的膝关节在屈伸和收展时的最大关节角度大于无伤组,旋转时小于无伤组;损伤的髋关节屈伸和收展时的最大关节角度大于无伤组,髋关节旋转时的最大关节角度左侧小于无伤组,右侧大于无伤组。结论:膝关节损伤的运动员完成急停纵跳动作落地时,通过代偿性改变增大髋关节力矩、增加膝关节旋转和收展力矩,增大踝关节收展和屈伸力矩,增加膝关节和髋关节在屈伸和收展时活动角度,增加膝关节屈伸和收展时活动角度来完成动作。 相似文献
16.
The aim of this study was to quantify joint compression and shear forces at L4/L5 during exercises used to overload the hips. Nine men performed 36 "walking" trials using two modalities: (1) sled towing and (2) exercise bands placed around the ankles. Participants completed forward, backward, and lateral trials with bent and straight legs at three separate loads. Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded bilaterally from eight torso and thigh sites, upper body and lumbar spine motion were quantified, and hand forces were measured. An EMG-driven musculoskeletal model was used to estimate the muscular contribution to joint compression and shear. Peak reaction, muscle and joint compression and shear forces, and peak gluteus medius and maximus activity were calculated. Significant differences were noted in each dependent measure; however, they were dependent on direction of travel, leg position, and load. The highest joint compression and shear forces for the sled and band conditions were 4378 N and 626 N, and 3306 N and 713 N, respectively. In general, increasing the band tension had little effect on all dependent measures, although a load-response was found during the sled conditions. Before using any exercise to improve hip function, the potential benefits should be weighed against "costs" to neighbouring joints. 相似文献
17.
男子三级跳远运动员起跳腿“拉长-缩短周期”收缩能力的研究 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
运用运动生物力学的方法对两种不同水平的男子三级跳远运动员，进行了起跳腿的“拉长缩短周期，，收缩能力的对比研究。结果表明，三级跳远运动员起跳腿的肌肉反应特性，是影响三级跳远成绩的一个重要因素，水平高的三级跳远运动员起跳腿“拉长一缩短周期”收缩能力总体上高于低水平运动员；髋关节并不是缓?中外界负荷的主要关节；膝关节的退让工作能力对起跳效果有很大的影响；不同水平运动员之间，踝关节伸肌群的退让工作能力不具显著性差异；踝关节的缓?中幅度很大程度上是受上板水平速度的影响；高水平运动员的踝关节蹬伸平均角速度要大于低水平运动员的。 相似文献
18.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of external load on vertical ground reaction force, and linear and angular kinematics, during squats. Eight males aged 22.1 +/- 0.8 years performed maximal concentric squats using loads ranging from 7 to 70% of one-repetition maximum on a force plate while linear barbell velocity and the angular kinematics of the hip, knee and ankle were recorded. Maximum, average and angle-specific values were recorded. The ground reaction force ranged from 1.67 +/- 0.20 to 3.21 +/- 0.29 times body weight and increased significantly as external load increased (P < 0.05). Bar linear velocity ranged from 0.54 +/- 0.11 to 2.50 +/- 0.50 m x s(-1) and decreased significantly with increasing external load (P < 0.05). Hip, knee and ankle angles at maximum ground reaction force were affected by external load (P < 0.05). The force-barbell velocity curves were fitted using linear models with coefficients (r2) ranging from 0.59 to 0.96. The results suggest that maximal force exertion during squat exercises is not achieved at the same position of the lower body as external load is increased. In contrast, joint velocity coordination does not change as load is increased. The force-velocity relationship was linear and independent from the set of data used for its determination. 相似文献
19.
Natsuki Sado Shinsuke Yoshioka Senshi Fukashiro 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2017,16(2):258-271
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lumbosacral kinetics on sprinting. Twelve male sprinters performed 50 m sprints at maximal effort. Kinematic and ground reaction force data were recorded at approximately 40 m from sprint commencement. A whole-body inverse dynamics approach was applied to calculate joint forces and torques at the hip and lumbosacral joints. The contribution of the hips and lumbosacral joint torques to pelvic rotation was subsequently calculated, with joint force powers indicating the rate of mechanical energy transfer between segments across joint centres calculated for both hip joints. The kinetic analysis indicated that the lumbosacral torsional torque contributed significantly to pelvic rotation. Additionally, the pelvic rotation exerted anterior–posterior joint forces on the hips, contributing to the large positive joint force power at the hip of the stance leg. These hip joint force powers assisted in motion recovery during sprinting. In conclusion, the lumbosacral torsional torque might contribute to the recovery motion in sprinting through application of the anterior–posterior joint forces at the hip joints via pelvic rotation. 相似文献
20.
振动负荷辅助举重训练对优秀女子举重运动员影响的实验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目的:配合奥运科技攻关冬训备战任务(即提高优秀女子举重运动员腿部力量以及躯干支撑能力).方法:采用自制振动台对6名国家队优秀女子举重运动员实施振动负荷辅助训练,通过机体运动能力(即后深蹲、预蹲和膝、髋关节等速肌力矩)、身体形态指标测试记录并进行分析讨论.结果:优秀女子举重运动员通过振动负荷辅助训练后后深蹲和预蹲单位体重增加7%以上,膝、髋关节单位体重肌力矩增加10%～16%左右.身体形态指标显示出体重变化在1 kg之内,体脂没有变化,局部围度变化在1 cm左右,3项形态指标变化在正常范围,对比赛和训练没有影响.振动负荷是交变负荷的一种,振动负荷从属于交变负荷.研究认为,中等强度的振动负荷辅助训练可以提高局部关节周围肌腱及深层次肌肉功能,导致关节以及肌肉力量和张力发展平衡,提高了相对较弱肌群力量水平,促进机体整体机能提高.振动负荷对身体形态影响的机制探讨中得出低频振动,提高肌肉的新陈代谢能力,促进血液循环.结论:优秀女子举重运动员通过振动负荷辅助训练后,身体局部及整体肌群协调性得到提高,腿部肌群力量有明显突破,躯干支撑能力明显加大.振动负荷辅助训练前后,实验对象的身体形态变化不大,不会影响比赛和训练.振动负荷辅助训练使得训练有素的机体整体能力突破的可能机制为振动刺激对机体中、深层次肌群产生由小到大的交变刺激效应,以及振动显著减少了流体的内摩擦系数,增加了其流动性. 相似文献