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1.
Urolithiasis is a relevant clinical problem with a subsequent burden for health system. The aim of this review is to provide recent progress made using genetic polymorphisms to define pathophysiology, to identify persons at risk for kidney stone disease and to predict treatment response. Population case-control studies are useful both as an alternative and an adjunct as compared to family studies. These involve either whole genome scanning or candidate gene approaches. While whole genome scanning is likely to be widely used in future, at present, candidate gene studies are more feasible. When performing candidate gene case-control studies factors such as study design, methods for recruitment of case and controls, selection of candidate genes, functional significance of polymorphisms chosen for study and statistical analysis require close attention to ensure that only genuine associations are detected. Some of the significant genes that play role in stone formation include calcitonin receptor gene (CTR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), Urokinase, Interleukin, (IL-1β, IL-Ra), E-Cadherin, Androgen & oestrogen receptor gene, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Arginine p21. In our case-control study we studied CTR, VDR, Urokinase, IL-1β(−511 and +3954), IL-Ra from north India and predict that VDR, IL-β (-511) and IL-1Ra gene may be used as a possible genetic marker for earlier detection in patients who are at risk for calcium oxalate stone disease. Further, linkage disequilibrium and haplotype structure of a certain candidate gene is important for association analysis. When a certain polymorphic allele has been found to be associated with disease, it is further explained on basis of LD and haplotype structure by one or more other alleles. Once it is determined which haplotype carries the risk allele, by means of molecular biological functional analyses, the variants on that haplotype allele truly causing the effect can be determined.  相似文献   

2.
Osteoporosis is a systemic disease with a strong genetic component. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) has been suggested as a candidate gene for osteoporosis. Therefore the present study was aimed to investigate the pattern of allelic variants of VDR gene polymorphism (FokI and BsmI), its influence on vitamin D levels and bone mineral density (BMD) in North Indian postmenopausal women with osteoporosis for possible genetic association. 254 postmenopausal osteoporotic women and 254 postmenopausal non osteoporotic women were included in the study. VDR FokI and BsmI gene polymorphism gene were assessed by the PCR-RFLP method. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was measured by the ELISA. BMD at the L1–L4 lumbar spine, hip, forearm and femoral neck was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The average BMD at spine and hip in postmenopausal women with bb and spine, hip, femoral neck and forearm with ff genotype had significantly low BMD. The frequency of ff genotype and f allele was significantly higher in postmenopausal osteoporotic women when compared with postmenopausal non osteoporotic women. However, no significant association was found between the genotypes and vitamin D levels. Our study reveals that VDR gene FokI and BsmI polymorphism is significantly associated with low bone mineral density. Therefore the ff genotype and f allele of VDR FokI gene may be used as an important risk factor for osteoporosis.  相似文献   

3.
Diabetes and tuberculosis are world’s most deadly epidemics. People suffering from diabetes are susceptible to tuberculosis. Molecular link between the two is largely unknown. It is known that Vitamin A receptor (RXR) heterodimerizes with Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and Peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor-γ (PPARγ) to regulate Tryptophan-aspartate containing coat protein (TACO) expression and fatty acid metabolism respectively, so it would be interesting to check the expression of these genes in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients which might explain the susceptibility of diabetics to tuberculosis. In this study, we checked the expression of RXR, VDR, TACO and Interferon-γ (IFNγ) genes in type-2 DM patients for understanding the link between the two diseases. We observed down regulation of RXR gene and corresponding up regulation of TACO gene expression. We have not observed significant change in expression of VDR and IFNγ genes in type-2 DM patients. Repression of RXR gene could hamper VDR-RXR heterodimer formation and thus would up regulate TACO gene expression which may predispose the type-2 DM patients to tuberculosis. Also, decrease in RXR-PPARγ heterodimer could be involved in DM.  相似文献   

4.
Background: Imbalance in cholesterol homeostasis may lead to gallstone disease. Apolipoprotein B is sole component of low-density lipoprotein and plays an important role in cholesterol metabolism. The present study was carried out to explore the association of APOB 3′ VNTR, exon 26 XbaI and signal peptide insertion/ deletion polymorphisms with gallstone disease. 214 ultrasonographically proven gallstone patients and 322 healthy, age and sex matched controls were taken for the study. Genotyping was done using PCR followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for VNTR and insertion/ deletion analysis. For APOB XbaI polymorphism PCR product was digested with XbaI restriction enzyme, followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. All statistical analyses were done using SPSS v11.5. Higher repeat alleles of APOB 3′ VNTR polymorphism were more frequent in gallstone patients than in controls. Alleles with more than 57 repeats were present only in patient group. Long (L) alleles with repeat higher than 49, were significantly higher (P=0.000; OR=3.705, 95% CI 2.577–5.326) and medium (M) alleles were lower (P=0.000; OR=0.406, 95% CI 0.304–0.542) in patients than in controls. To nullify the effect of gender, data was further stratified into male and female population. APOB 3′ VNTR, L alleles were imposing risk and M alleles were protective in both male and female population. APOB XbaI and insertion/deletion polymorphisms were not found to be associated with the gallstone disease. Longer alleles of APOB 3′ VNTR occur more frequently in gallstone patients, and may be an important risk factor for the development of gallstone disease. APOB XbaI and signal peptide insertion/deletion polymorphisms may not be contributing to the risk for gallstone disease.  相似文献   

5.
Expansions of trinucleotide repeats at the level of genomic DNA are increasingly recognized as a cause of a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. Triplet repeat disorders are commonly classified into two groups, those with moderate CAG expansions that result in a polyglutamine stretch in the gene products and those with very long expansions, usually non-CAG, that are not translated. The triplet repeat intergeneration and intra-generational instability, and genetic anticipation characterize disorders. Most of the diseases caused by expanded CAG repeat share common features, which include neurodegeneration, a dominant pattern of inheritance and widespread expression of the gene products with neuronal loss restricted to distinct subset of neurons. Neurodegenerative changes associated of CAG expansion disorders is explained in terms of intra and extra cellular aggregation of mutant gene products, the insoluble nature of the protein(s) being attributed to the presence of polyglutamine stretches, hence their neurotoxic effects. methods based on poymerase chain reaction have become handy in the diagnosis of these genetic disorders. Progress in transgenic animal models for these disorders will be critical for understanding the progress of these disorders and for testing new therapeutic strategies.  相似文献   

6.
Angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has established substantial attention in the recent years as a candidate gene for hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of ACE (I/D) polymorphism with coronary artery disease (CAD) in a north Indian population. A total of 662 subjects (330 CAD patients and 332 healthy controls) were examined for association of ACE gene (I/D) polymorphism and environmental risk factors. The mean age of the CAD patients and control subjects was 60.53 ± 8.6 years and 56.55 ± 7.7 years, respectively (p = 0.000). Anthropometric and demographic data showed BMI values significantly higher among CAD patients and control subjects (26.98 ± 4.9 vs 24.04 ± 4.7, p = 0.000). We observed pronounced central obesity in both CAD patients and controls, even at the lowest BMI values (<23 kg/m2). Dyslipidemia was highly prevalent in CAD patients compared to control subjects. Genotypic data showed significantly higher frequency of DD genotype in CAD patients than that of control subjects (40 vs 28.3 %). No significant difference was observed in the distribution of ID genotypes between CAD patients and control subjects. Logistic regression analysis of data demonstrate that DD genotype was associated with 1.8 fold increased risk of development of CAD in Asian Indians (OR 1.8; 95 % CI 1.22–2.66; p = 0.003). The frequency of D allele was significantly higher in CAD patients (p = 0.001). No significant difference was observed in the clinical and biochemical characteristics of CAD patients and controls when the data was stratified according to the genotypes of ACE gene. In conclusion, DD genotype of ACE gene may be associated with increased risk of CAD in Asian Indian population.  相似文献   

7.

Introduction:

The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) catalyzes the conversion of the hormonally inactive cortisone to active cortisol, thus facilitating glucocorticoid receptor activation in target tissues. Increased expression of 11β-HSD1 in adipose tissue has been associated with obesity and insulin resistance. In this study, we investigated the association of two 11β-HSD1 gene (HSD11B1) polymorphisms with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its characteristics in the Bosnian population.

Materials and methods:

The study included 86 participants: 43 patients diagnosed with MetS and 43 healthy controls. Subjects were genotyped for two HSD11B1 gene polymorphisms: rs846910: G>A and rs45487298: insA, by the high resolution melting curve analysis. Genotype distribution and an influence of genotypes on clinical and biochemical parameters were assessed.

Results:

There was no significant difference in the mutated allele frequencies for the two HSD11B1 gene polymorphisms between MetS patients and controls. In MetS patients, no significant associations between disease-associated traits and rs45487298: insA were found. Regarding rs846910: G>A variant, heterozygous patients (G/A) had significantly lower systolic (P = 0.017) and diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.015), lower HOMA-IR index (P = 0.011) and higher LDL-cholesterol levels (P = 0.049), compared to the wild-type homozygotes. In the control group, rs45487298: insA polymorphism was associated with lower fasting plasma insulin levels (P = 0.041), lower homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index (P = 0.041) and lower diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.048). Significant differences between rs846910: G>A genotypes in controls were not detected. Haplotype analysis confirmed the association of rs45487298: insA with markers of insulin resistance in the control subjects.

Conclusions:

Our results indicate that a common rs45487298: insA polymorphism in HSD11B1 gene may have a protective effect against insulin resistance.  相似文献   

8.
Homocysteine(Hcy) has been implicated as a novel risk factor of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) among Asian Indians, but many studies done in India failed to reveal any direct correlation. It has also been reported that Folic acid and Vitamin B12 levels inversely affect serum levels of homocysteine. In this study, we looked at the levels of homocysteine among patients with CAD. The effect of Vitamin B12, Folate and other risk factors on homocysteine levels were also evaluated. Mean homocysteine levels in cases (22.81±13.9, n=70) were significantly higher (p=<0.001) than the controls (7.77±7.3, n=70). However no statistically significant correlation could be deduced between homocysteine Vitamin B12, and Folate. Cumulative analysis have indicated an increase in homocysteine levels among patients with CAD with every additional risk factor.  相似文献   

9.
Metabolic abnormalities were investigated in 44 stone patients with first time (group 1) and 56 with 2 times stone formation (group 2), and in 25 normal individuals. 24hr urine was analysed spectrophotometrically for oxalate, calcium, magnesium, citrate, uric acid, phosphate and creatinine. Hypocitraturia and hyperoxaluria were the common abnormalities in the stone formers. Stone patients had significantly higher urinary oxalate, calcium and uric acid and lower phosphate than normal individuals. Citrate/calcium and magnesium/calcium ratio were significantly high in normal individuals than stone formers. Patients in group 2 excreted significantly higher urinary calcium and lower citrate that patients in group 1. Citrate/calcium ratio was higher in group 1 than group 2. Hypocitraturia, hyperoxaluria, hypercalciuria and increased citrate/calcium and magnesium/calcium ratio seem to be an essential risk factor for stone formation. Patients with recurrent stone formation could be distinguished from patients with first time stone formation on the basis of urinary calcium and citrate.  相似文献   

10.
Circadian periodicity of plasma lipid peroxides and serum ascorbic acid and uric acid levels were studied in one hundred renal stone formers (55 women and 45 men; age 20–60 years) and 50 clinically healthy volunteers (21 women and 29 men; age 21–45 years) with diurnal activity from 06:00 to 22:00 and nocturnal rest. A marked circadian variation was demonstrated by population-mean-cosinor for all studied variables in stone formers and healthy subjects. By comparison to the healthy controls, parameter tests indicate that the stone formers had a higher MESOR (±SE) of MDA (2.90 ± 0.03 vs. 2.28 ± 0.06; F = 94.929, p < 0.001), a lower MESOR of serum ascorbic acid (0.722 ± 0.010 vs. 0.839 ± 0.10; F = 32.083, p < 0.001), and a similar MESOR of serum uric acid. Furthermore, the patients also differed from the healthy subjects in terms of their circadian amplitude and acrophase (tested jointly) of all three variables (p < 0.001). The demonstration herein of a circadian rhythm in MDA, serum ascorbic and uric acid suggests that these variables could also serve as markers to optimize the timing of treatment and to assess the patient’s response to treatment for further management.  相似文献   

11.
Association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) Gene -629C/A Polymorphism with angiographically proven atherosclerosis CETP gene has been linked to CAD risk via its role in HDL and LDL metabolism. There is no agreement of whether CETP is atherogenic or not. Furthermore, various genotypes of CETP gene have been associated with CETP levels and thus with atherosclerosis risk. Our aim was to study the association of CETP -629C/A gene polymorphism with CETP and HDL levels and their association if any with atherosclerosis. Study population consisted of angiographically documented 50 cases with coronary artery atherosclerosis and 50 controls negative for atherosclerosis of coronary artery. Serum lipid profile was measured on SYNCHRON CX-9 using standard kits. Serum CETP levels were measured by ELISA method. CETP -629C/A gene polymorphism was studied using PCR–RFLP method. There was no significant difference in lipid profile of the two groups. However, serum CETP level was significantly higher (46.44 ± 21.75 ng/ml) in cases than controls (37.10 ± 21.92 ng/ml) with p value =0.035. The frequency of -629A allele was higher (0.85) in cases than that of controls (0.81). Homozygosity of A allele was more in subjects with atherosclerosis of coronary artery. We conclude that CETP is atherogenic and could be used as atherogenic risk predictor in angiographically proven atherosclerosis. Also A allele of -629C/A polymorphism is more prevalent in cases; indicating its effect on expression of CETP gene.  相似文献   

12.
Matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase [TIMP]-2 are emerging as pivotal players in inflammation and carcinogenesis. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of MMP-2 (−735C > T) [rs 2285053] and TIMP-2 (−418G > C) [rs 8179090] gene polymorphisms in cervical cancer susceptibility in Indian women. We recruited 200 cervical cancer patients from North India and 200 unrelated, age-matched, cancer-free healthy female controls of similar ethnicity. Genomic DNA extraction from peripheral blood samples, collected from the study subjects, was carried out using salting-out method. MMP-2 and TIMP-2 genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism. Our findings demonstrated no significant association between MMP-2 (−735C > T) and TIMP-2 (−418G > C) gene polymorphisms and the risk of developing cervical cancer in the study population. Further stratified analysis using a case-only study approach revealed that there was no effect of MMP-2/TIMP-2 polymorphisms on early and advanced stages of cervical cancer. Further MMP-2 and TIMP-2 polymorphisms did not modulate the risk in cervical cancer patients who smoked tobacco/cigarettes. Overall, the present study demonstrated a lack of association between MMP-2 and TIMP-2 gene polymorphisms and cervical cancer susceptibility in women of Northern India.  相似文献   

13.
Six consecutive day and night urine samples from 25 renal stone patients and 25 comparabe controls were collected and analysed for total mucoproteins, Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein, & creatinine. In normal subjects the 24 hour, day and night urinary excretion of mucoprotein was 101.4±34.5, 58.2±20.1 and 40.5±19.3 mg respectively. The Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein excretion was 43.9±18.4, 21.5±8.6 and 20.6±9.9 mg in respective samples. Stone formers excreted significantly higher amount of mucoprotein but not the Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein. Furthermore, the diurnal variations was visible only for in case of total mucoprotein in both the groups.  相似文献   

14.
Fluoride content was measured in 100 urinary stones retrieved by open surgery of stone formers admitted at PGIMS Rohtak and their respective urine and serum and compared with those of healthy individuals. The concentration of fluoride was also measured in the sources of drinking water of these stone formers. The concentration of fluoride was definitely significantly higher in serum (p>0.01) and highly significantly higher in urine (p>−0.001) of stone formers compared to those of healthy individuals. The content of oxalate in serum and 24 h urine of the stone formers was also measured, which was increased significantly (p<0.005 and p<0.001) compared to healthy individuals. The concentration of fluoride was probably significantly higher in drinking water of these stone formers than the normal ones. There was a positive correlation between the content of fluoride of urinary stones and urine of stone patients (r=.88); stone and serum (r=.62); drinking water and stone (r=.85) and their urine and serum (r=.54); urine and drinking water (r=.83) and serum and water (r=.51). These results indicate a definite role of fluoride in urinary stone formation.  相似文献   

15.
Hypertension, a well known risk factor for various cardiovascular, peripheral vascular and renal events is an important public health challenge. Renin angiotensin system (RAS) being the most vital pathogenic mechanism of hypertension is mediated by a key component; the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The present study was aimed to know the relationship of ACE gene polymorphism and the possible risk of development of hypertension in south Indian population. The study included 101 clinically diagnosed hypertensive patients without any associated disease condition and 81 age and sex matched apparently healthy controls. Genotyping was performed using a polymerase chain reaction, (PCR) amplification of the intron 16 fragment harboring the 287 bp Alu repeat sequence. Three possible genotypes D/D, I/I homozygous and I/D heterozygous were analyzed where the D/D genotypes corresponds to higher ACE levels (D-Deletion, I-Insertion). The PCR products were separated on 2 % agarose gel. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS.15 software program. We found a significance in frequency of D/D genotype in the hypertensive patients compared to the control group (p = 0.0005, odd’s ratio = 4.157). This suggested that ACE (D/D) genotypes are more prone for the development of hypertension. This is relatively a pilot study; but nevertheless may assist in identifying the pathophysiological cause of hypertension.  相似文献   

16.
Pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) is multi-factorial and several conventional risk factors have been ascribed; LDL-C being one of the important risk factor. However Indian population studies with established CAD often show LDL levels within normal range in patients with proven CAD. We hypothesized that Small dense low density lipoprotein (sdLDL) being more atherogenic might correlate more strongly to the occurrence and severity of CAD. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between serum small dense LDL level and angiographically documented coronary artery disease. This is a cross sectional case control study in which sdLDL were measured in 126 patients with CAD and in 64 patients without CAD. Total cholesterol, HDL Cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were measured by standard methods along with other traditional risk factors. Direct quantitative measurement of sdLDL was done by enzymatic analysis. Mean sdLDL level was higher in patients with coronary stenosis than patients without coronary stenosis (16.3 ± 6.8 vs. 10.1 ± 5.7 mg/dL respectively, (p < 0.001). There was significant correlation between mean sdLDL and severity of CAD as assessed by syntax score with mean sdLDL level in low, intermediate and high syntax score being 15.0 ± 5.8, 20.1 ± 6.7 and 22.7 ± 7.3 mg/dL respectively (p value <0.001). A cut off value of 10.02 mg/dL was associated with presence of CAD (95 % CI 0.82–0.93, p < 0.001) using ROC curve. In conclusion Indian patients with established CAD have higher sdLDL levels compared to individuals without CAD despite having comparable LDL levels.  相似文献   

17.
The main adverse consequences of excess bodyweight are cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, and several cancers, IL-1Ra serum concentration has been reported earlier to increase in human obesity and it is therefore assumed that the polymorphism of IL-1Ra may influence cytokine production. We designed this study to investigate whether the IL-1Ra polymorphism was associated with obesity. A total number of 103 individuals; 19 lean (BMI<25 Kg/m2), 51 overweight (BMI 25–29.9 Kg/m2) and 33 obese (BMI≥30.0 Kg/m2) were enrolled in this study. Genotyping was performed using a polymerase chain reaction PCR amplification of the intron-2 fragment harboring a variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) nucleotide sequences 86 pb of tandem repeat. The PCR products were separated on 2% agarose gel. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 11.5). We found no significant difference in genotype and allele frequencies between the three groups; lean vs. overweight and lean vs. obese (p=0.323; 0.202; 0.123 and 0.068 resp). However, an increased risk for obesity had a propensity to be higher in those having genotype II/II. This genotype has been reported to be a ‘high producer’ of IL-1Ra. Although no statistically significant relationship between IL-1Ra polymorphism and BMI was observed, however, a trend towards an increase of allele*II in overweight and obese group was observed. This may suggest that IL-1Ra appears to be induced by inflammatory stimuli as well as obesity-associated factors. This is relatively a pilot study: but nevertheless, may assist in identifying the pathophysiological cause for obesity.  相似文献   

18.
Elevated Apolipoprotein B Apolipoprotein A-I ratio is a risk factor for predicting coronary artery disease (CAD). Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a high density lipoprotein (HDL) associated serum enzyme. PON1 protects lowdensity lipoproteins (LDLs) from oxidative modifications and thus has a protective effect against CAD progression. There are two common polymorphisms, Q192R and L55M, in PON1 gene. There may be a relationship between these polymorphisms and elevated ApoB/ApoA-I ratios. Therefore, we decided to evaluate effect of these polymorphisms on individuals with high and normal ApoB/ApoA-I ratios. To evaluate Q192R and L55M polymorphisms in Iranian case group (n=75) with high ApoB/ApoA-I ratio, and control group (n=75) with normal ApoB/ApoA-I ratio, we carried out PCR using specific primers. Then, we digested PCR products by RFLP. ApoB and ApoA-I levels were determined by immunoturbidimetry method. Genotype frequencies for Q192R were determined: 49.3%QQ, 44%QR, 6.7%RR in case group, and 53.3%QQ, 33.3%QR, 13.4%RR in controls (P= 0.236). Genotype frequencies for L55M were determined: 21.3%LL, 68%LM, 10.7%MM in case group and 42.7%LL, 52%LM, 5.3%MM in controls (P= 0.016). A significant relationship between L55M polymorphism and familial history of cardiovascular disease was found (P= 0.011). In our study PON1L55M polymorphism was associated with high ApoB/ApoA-I ratios in case group. Thus, L55M polymorphism may be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Since L55M polymorphism was associated with familial history of cardiovascular disease, it is better to evaluate L55M polymorphism in younger ages even in the absence of high ApoB/ApoA-I ratios.  相似文献   

19.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multifactorial disease where both genetic and environmental factors contribute to its pathogenesis. Estrogen plays an important role in type 2 DM pathogenesis. A number of polymorphisms have been reported in the estrogen receptor (ESR1), including the XbaI and PvuII restriction enzyme polymorphisms of ESR1,which may be involved in disease pathogenesis. Metallothioneins (MT) act as potent antioxidants against various oxidative damages. Very few studies have indicated the association between Estrogen Receptor-α, MT1 gene polymorphisms with type2 DM. A total of 100 type 2 diabetic women and 100 age, sex matched controls were recruited. Using the PCR based RFLP method, the PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms of ESR1 and in MT1A (rs8052394 and rs11076161) gene polymorphisms were analysed. The genotype distribution and frequency of mutated allele showed no significant differences between diabetic and non-diabetic groups in PvuII (χ2 = 2.443; P = 0.1181) or XbaI (χ2 = 1.789; P = 0.1812) and rs8052394 (χ2 = 1.154; P = 0.2840) or rs11076161 (χ2 = 0.4141; P = 0.5199), polymorphisms. This is the first Indian study to conclude that ESR1 and MT1 gene polymorphisms are not associated with increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in Indian women.  相似文献   

20.
The past two decades have witnessed new facets in vitamin D metabolism. Free vitamin D3 till now considered to be limited to animal sources, has been shown to occur in plants. Further, the extrarenal synthesis of active vitamin D3 or calcitriol has been documented in physiological as well as in certain pathological conditions. At the cellular level, calcitriol acts through a dual mechanism. The genomic pathway involves the vitamin D receptor (VDR) which is of ubiquitous distribution and linked with various diseases. Besides, a nongenomic VDR—independent pathway also exists. The biological effects of calcitriol can no longer be dismissed by merely referring to calcium/bone homeostasis. It enhances the perinatal growth and suppresses the abnormal growth, as well. The effects on the endocrine, immune, cardiovascular, reproductive and nervous systems have also been characterized. It is compelling to believe that calcitriol and/or its analogues will find extensive applications at least in the treatment of osteoporosis, perinatal growth retardation, neoplasia, psoriasis, insulin resistance and transplantation.  相似文献   

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