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1.
《Research Policy》2023,52(2):104677
There is empirical evidence of how challengers in an industry can take advantage of technological discontinuities that open “technological windows” of opportunity, which allow them to reduce their market share gap with market leaders, a phenomenon known as “catching-up.” However, this literature has examined leader–challenger catching-up processes within a particular industry as a whole, without considering the different product categories that can usually be identified within that industry. In fact, firms may have different market shares depending on the category under consideration, and technological discontinuities can be product category related. We extend the literature on windows of opportunity and changes in market leadership by showing that the chance a challenger has to reduce the market share gap with the market leader in a product category during a technological window depends on (a) whether the market leader in the focal product category is also the market leader in other product categories, (b) the share of a challenger's business in the focal product category relative to its overall business in the industry, and (c) the relative size of the product category with respect to the other product categories in the industry. We contend that such across-category factors influence the leaders and challengers' propensity to exploit opportunities resulting from technological discontinuities in a product category. We test a set of hypotheses using data on 31 mobile phone makers competing in India from 2003 to 2020 in the feature phone and smartphone product categories. 相似文献
2.
Flix de Moya-Anegn Benjamín Vargas-Quesada Zaida Chinchilla-Rodriguez Elena Corera-lvarez Victor Herrero-Solana Francisco J. Munoz-Fernndez 《Information processing & management》2005,41(6):1520-1533
We propose the use of ISI-JCR categories as units of cocitation and measurement for the construction of heliocentric maps. The use of a spatial metaphor allows us to illustrate, analyze and compare domains in terms of the categories and their interconnections or links. We can also move around within the structure of these domains for further analysis, and access the documents associated to the categories and to the links that cocite or relate them. 相似文献
3.
This study examines how libraries within college and university settings in the United States have dealt with the influx of patron mobile telephone use. We contacted 150 colleges and universities throughout the United States and received 87 responses. These institutions were ranked by US News and World Report in their 2006 Edition of “America’s Best Colleges;” we sampled from their list stratified within the following categories: “top public universities;” “best liberal arts colleges;” “fourth tier liberal arts colleges;” “best national universities;” and “fourth tier national universities.” We found that those college and university libraries adopt an array of stances when approaching cell phone use within their library facilities. These approaches include structured guidelines that specifically address cell phone use posted on the library website, signs displayed throughout the library barring cell phone use, and signage that provides patrons with a list of areas in which use is permitted. Interestingly, we found that several libraries lack any kind of mobile phone policy and instead, assume all patrons will behave in a proper way. 相似文献
4.
Over the past decade, education reform and teacher training projects have spent a great deal of effort to create and support sustainable, scalable online communities of education professionals. For the most part, those communities have been created in isolation from the existing local professional communities within which the teachers practice. We argue that focusing on online technology solely as a mechanism to deliver training and/or create online networks places the cart before the horse by ignoring the Internet's even greater potential to help support and strengthen local communities of practice within which teachers work. In this article we seek guideposts to help education technologists understand the nature of local K-12 education communities of practice--specifically their reciprocal relationship with teacher professional development and instructional improvement interventions--as a prerequisite to designing online sociotechnical infrastructure that supports the professional growth of education professionals. 相似文献
5.
选取1990-2014年间国内外有关学术创业的102篇重要文献进行扎根分析,提炼出298个编码、8个概念和4个主范畴,将学术创业的边界扩展至社会创业,在此基础上,重新审视学术创业绩效并澄清研究争议,归纳出学术创业的研究逻辑,并提出未来研究的5个新的研究命题. 相似文献
6.
We estimate the effectiveness of policy incentives for adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in the 50 U.S. states. We employ a rich dataset of semi-annual state-level new EV vehicle registrations by make and model from 2010 to 2015 and state-level policy instruments that could affect new EV model registrations. We construct two measures of policy, one which aggregates policy instruments that can be assigned a value and a second that aggregates those without explicit values. Using a within model difference-in-difference estimator with high-dimensional fixed effects, we find that a $1000 increase in the value of a state’s model-specific EV policies increases registrations of that model within the state by 5–11%. 相似文献
7.
Niall Rooney David Patterson Mykola Galushka Vladimir Dobrynin 《Information processing & management》2006
In this paper, the scalability and quality of the contextual document clustering (CDC) approach is demonstrated for large data-sets using the whole Reuters Corpus Volume 1 (RCV1) collection. CDC is a form of distributional clustering, which automatically discovers contexts of narrow scope within a document corpus. These contexts act as attractors for clustering documents that are semantically related to each other. Once clustered, the documents are organized into a minimum spanning tree so that the topical similarity of adjacent documents within this structure can be assessed. The pre-defined categories from three different document category sets are used to assess the quality of CDC in terms of its ability to group and structure semantically related documents given the contexts. Quality is evaluated based on two factors, the category overlap between adjacent documents within a cluster, and how well a representative document categorizes all the other documents within a cluster. As the RCV1 collection was collated in a time ordered fashion, it was possible to assess the stability of clusters formed from documents within one time interval when presented with new unseen documents at subsequent time intervals. We demonstrate that CDC is a powerful and scaleable technique with the ability to create stable clusters of high quality. Additionally, to our knowledge this is the first time that a collection as large as RCV1 has been analyzed in its entirety using a static clustering approach. 相似文献
8.
Emilie-Pauline Gallié 《Research Policy》2012,41(4):780-794
In attempting to protect their innovations, firms can choose from a range of mechanisms, which may be either non-statutory (trade secrets, design complexity, and lead-time advantage over competitors) or statutory (patent, design registration, trademark, copyright). Yet, little is known about how firms do actually make their choices from among these different appropriability mechanisms. The aim of this paper is to determine how French firms’ use of intellectual property protection mechanisms relates to the type of innovation, the characteristics of the market sector in which they operate, the firms’ characteristics, and their human resources strategies. Our empirical model draws on four French databases covering the period 2001-2004. Our results show that the choice of a means of protection matters and emerges out of a complex strategy. Our results also reveal that the different statutory and non-statutory means of protection are complementary within their own categories but hardly so between categories. 相似文献
9.
Over the final two decades of the 20th century, a number of formerly industrializing economies and historical imitator countries achieved levels of innovative capacity commensurate with or greater than those of some economies that were historically more innovative. We investigate the factors that enabled such emerging innovator economies to achieve successful catch-up while some historically more innovative countries experienced relative declines in innovative productivity. We focus our analysis on the estimation of a production function for innovations at the world's technical frontier. Based on the results of this analysis, we classify countries into categories reflecting their historical levels of innovative capacities and develop counterfactual indices that identify the factors that correspond to long-run improvements in innovative roductivity. These exercises suggest that the development of innovation-enhancing policies and infrastructures are necessary for achieving innovative leadership, but that these are insufficient unless coupled with ever-increasing financial and human capital investments in innovation. 相似文献
10.
《Research Policy》1999,28(2-3):317-336
The paper develops a taxonomy of the globalisation of innovation based on three categories: (a) the international exploitation of technology produced on a national basis; (b) the global generation of innovations; (c) the global technological collaborations. The most evident changes implied by the increasing globalisation of innovation and technology are the tougher and increased competition and the greater collaboration between actors, both across and within national boundaries. The advantages, just as the costs, of these tendencies can be substantial, leading to a higher risk of `winners and losers'. The paper analyses the different impact that each category might have on the economic and innovative performance of countries and regions, with the aim of defining the implications for national policies. It is suggested that public policies play a different role in each of the three processes of the globalisation of innovation and that a single strategy does not exist, neither from a firm's nor from a government's perspective. The paper emphasis that none of the three categories in this taxonomy renders national policy obsolete. On the contrary, public policies are necessary on a far wider range than those currently implemented in the majority of countries. 相似文献
11.
Sophie Rutter Verena Blinzler Chaoyu Ye Max L. Wilson Michael D. Twidale 《Information processing & management》2019,56(3):919-938
With greater access to computational resources, people use search to address many everyday challenges in their lives, including solving technology problems. Although there are now many useful ‘how-to’ resources online (especially videos on YouTube), it can still be difficult to identify, understand, and resolve certain kinds of technical problem. While research tasks have been studied for many years and we know the tactics people use, we know far less about searchers’ tactics for how-to technical tasks that involve actually being able to apply found information to resolve a problem. Crucial to our study was developing and studying a highly realistic, how-to technical task, for which there was no single guidance resource: making a phone safe for a child. After providing 39 participants with an actual phone to fix, and a search engine to perform the task, we analysed their search tactics using retrospective cued think aloud interviews. Our primary contribution is a set of 77 tactics used, in three categories, along with detail of how common they were. We conclude that people had a lot of tactics in their repertoire. Although it was not hard for participants to find relevant information, what was hard was for participants to find information they could use; indeed only 23% of participants successfully completed the entire task. Domain knowledge affected the choice of tactics used (although not necessarily towards better task success). We discuss these influences and make design recommendations for how future search systems can support those in resolving how-to technical tasks. 相似文献
12.
近年来,服务外包与采购成为理论界和实践人士共同关注的话题。本文在相关理论分析的基础上从资源和能力理论出发提出,服务外包的驱动因素主要有两个维度,即资源类型和资源层级,由此划分为四种需求类型,即组合型被操作性资源、组合型操作性资源、互连型被操作性资源以及互连型操作性资源。不同资源诉求下其服务外包的组织方式也可分为四类,即分散式服务外包、集群式服务外包、内包服务以及获益型服务外包。此外,本文在上述理论框架的基础上从交易成本等理论出发,又对各种外包组织方式下其相应的治理机制进行了探讨。本文研究的启示在于发包方需要根据自身需求,选择适配的外包组织方式,同时合作双方还需要把握治理机制的使用,从而形成良好、长期的合作伙伴关系。 相似文献
13.
In Europe, universal service developed within a public-service-oriented institutional framework. The historical conflicts that produced these institutional arrangements are still important for national policymaking. Furthermore, the level of technological development and integration in the European Union forms the context in which decisions concerning universal service are made. Our analysis of telecommunications policies in three small European countries - Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norway - shows that business actors are well networked and press for a minimal definition of universal services, whereas those actors promoting an extended definition seem to be less coordinated and therefore less successful. Hence it is unlikely that universal services will be defined more extensively in the future. 相似文献
14.
本文使用中国283个地级城市2001年-2011年的面板数据,研究市场环境和知识产权保护力度对于创新活动的影响。研究结果表明,技术市场需求所产生的“示范效应”和知识产权保护力度的“保护效应”是决定区域创新水平的重要因素：仅包含这两种效应的基准计量模型可解释区域创新活动方差的3/4！而这两种效应是通过直接增加研发活动投入力度而提升创新水平的。上述结论在考虑了文献中影响创新的其他因素后仍然稳健。因此,坚持“依法治国”,建设公平竞争的市场环境,是提升创新水平,促进中国产业升级和经济转型的重要措施。 相似文献
15.
The media industry is undergoing comprehensive change due to the shifting audience and consumption patterns fostered by the diffusion of the Internet. This article describes how these changes shape established practices of video production and redefine the cultural categories of video and broadcasting. Drawing on an empirical case study of the practices within the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), the we show the production of video content to be increasingly unbundled and broken down into several smaller processes, which make it possible to manage and recompose in a variety of ways that transcend established institutional divisions and cultural perceptions. At the same time and as a means of accommodating multiplatform content delivery, video distribution is acquiring flexible and mutating formats that further destabilize the perception of video as a self-sufficient cultural form. In this context, video metadata rises to be an important coordinative medium that provides the cognitive resources for identifying and managing video content within and across particular settings and the link through which the operations of media organizations become entangled with the technical landscape of the Internet. 相似文献
16.
The relationship of values to technology is an important topic in the fields of information studies, human–computer interaction, media studies, and science and technology studies, but definitions and attributes of values differ within and among these fields. We suggest that researchers currently conflate multiple categories when they discuss values. Some of these categories are attributes of the source of values (i.e., people, systems, and hybrid assemblages), and others are attributes of the values themselves. This article disambiguates values in sociotechnical systems by providing a framework to describe where and how values are negotiated and enacted by people, institutions, and technology. The framework includes three dimensions that pertain to the source of values (agency, unit, and assemblage) and three dimensions that pertain to attributes of values (salience, intention, and enactment) to enable precision and comparison across this research trajectory. We illustrate each dimension with examples from the values and design literature. 相似文献
17.
《Information processing & management》2005,41(3):457-473
Two probabilistic approaches to cross-lingual retrieval are in wide use today, those based on probabilistic models of relevance, as exemplified by INQUERY, and those based on language modeling. INQUERY, as a query net model, allows the easy incorporation of query operators, including a synonym operator, which has proven to be extremely useful in cross-language information retrieval (CLIR), in an approach often called structured query translation. In contrast, language models incorporate translation probabilities into a unified framework. We compare the two approaches on Arabic and Spanish data sets, using two kinds of bilingual dictionaries––one derived from a conventional dictionary, and one derived from a parallel corpus. We find that structured query processing gives slightly better results when queries are not expanded. On the other hand, when queries are expanded, language modeling gives better results, but only when using a probabilistic dictionary derived from a parallel corpus.We pursue two additional issues inherent in the comparison of structured query processing with language modeling. The first concerns query expansion, and the second is the role of translation probabilities. We compare conventional expansion techniques (pseudo-relevance feedback) with relevance modeling, a new IR approach which fits into the formal framework of language modeling. We find that relevance modeling and pseudo-relevance feedback achieve comparable levels of retrieval and that good translation probabilities confer a small but significant advantage. 相似文献
18.
19.
I argue for two theses. First, many arguments against violent gaming rely on what I call the contamination thesis, drawing their conclusions by claiming that violent gaming contaminates real world interactions. I argue that this thesis is empirically and philosophically problematic. Second, I argue that rejecting the contamination thesis does not entail that all video games are morally unobjectionable. The violence within a game can be evaluated in terms of the values the game cultivates, reinforces, denigrates, or disrespects. Games which present violence in ways that disrespect objects of values are more objectionable than violent games that reinforce or cultivate those values. The resulting analysis evaluates games on a case-by-case basis and pays particular attention to the representational context of the violence. 相似文献
20.
Russell Blackford 《Ethics and Information Technology》2012,14(1):41-51
We commonly identify something seriously defective in a human life that is lived in ignorance of important but unpalatable
truths. At the same time, some degree of misapprehension of reality may be necessary for individual health and success. Morally
speaking, it is unclear just how insistent we should be about seeking the truth. Robert Sparrow has considered such issues
in discussing the manufacture and marketing of robot ‘pets’, such as Sony’s doglike ‘AIBO’ toy and whatever more advanced
devices may supersede it. Though it is not his only concern, Sparrow particularly criticizes such robot pets for their illusory
appearance of being living things. He fears that some individuals will subconsciously buy into the illusion, and come to sentimentalize
interactions that fail to constitute genuine relationships. In replying to Sparrow, I emphasize that this would be continuous
with much of the minor sentimentality that we already indulge in from day to day. Although a disposition to seek the truth
is morally virtuous, the virtue concerned must allow for at least some categories of exceptions. Despite Sparrow’s concerns
about robot pets (and robotics more generally), we should be lenient about familiar, relatively benign, kinds of self-indulgence
in forming beliefs about reality. Sentimentality about robot pets seems to fall within these categories. Such limited self-indulgence
can co-exist with ordinary honesty and commitment to truth. 相似文献