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我国植物新品种保护制度关于实质性派生品种的规定成为焦点问题.本文基于1999年-2009年中国21个水稻主产区省际面板数据,研究派生品种豁免制度下原始品种对水稻遗传贡献的时空变化,并运用扩展C-D生产函数模型分析原始品种遗传资源对中国水稻生产的经济影响.实证结果表明,1999年-2009年中国原始品种遗传资源对水稻生产平均遗传贡献仅达0.25,原始品种遗传单一性并未呈逐渐增强趋势,并且原始品种遗传资源对水稻改良的遗传贡献每增加1%,水稻单产将提高1.6%.因此重视原始创新的创造与有效运用,有利于提升农业技术效率与农业生产水平.在育种角色分配上,公共部门应着重承担基础研究类原始创新活动,在应用基础类原始创新发展策略上,政府应支持有益于新品种不同生产特性改良的育种研究与保护政策,提高创新效率. 相似文献
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生物技术——基因工程、细胞工程、酶工程和发酵工程,正广泛应用于农业领域:动植物良种培育、快速繁殖、动植物保护、固氮基因工程和土壤改善,以及农产品的深层次加工,并取得了明显的经济效益。生物技术是第二次绿色革命的先导技术,其应用于农业的特点和优势是:开发的层次深,应用的领域广,产出的效益高。 相似文献
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通过分析比较日本、韩国两国促进R&D的一系列产业政策,分析了他们的绩效差异以及对我国制定技术政策的启示。相比较而言,优于韩国的R&D绩效日本R&D绩效,原因在于韩国产业技术政策没有形成良好的组织及制度结构。 相似文献
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马铃薯是我国云贵高原和黄土高原贫困山区的主要农作物和重要支柱产业。目前,这两大区域的马铃薯生产存在病虫害高发难防、化肥高施低效、种薯繁育体系不完善、市场范围狭窄等关键共性问题,严重制约当地马铃薯产业可持续发展。文章以云南昭通、甘肃定西等地为例,从生态特点、区位优势及精准扶贫需求等方面分析了云贵高原、黄土高原两大贫困区域发展高值种薯产业的优势和必要性,提出推广抗病品种、引进绿色高效施肥和病虫害防控技术、完善专业化和规模化种薯繁育基地、拓展种薯市场是落实高原地区马铃薯产业扶贫的有效措施。 相似文献
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UPOV联盟植物新品种保护基本格局及对我国的影响 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
本文利用国际植物新品种保护联盟(UPOV)的权威数据，从植物新品种权总量及增速趋势、各国品种权申请和授权在国内与在国外的分布结构、授权保护的品种结构、世界种业十强掌握的新品种权份额及中国与国际植物新品种保护接轨等多方面，系统分析了当前植物新品种保护的基本格局。通过跟踪了解植物新品种权的国际发展和竞争动向，进一步分析了发达国家科研育种及品种保护的先发地位对我国种子企业经营和新品种培育的影响，提出有效构筑我国植物新品种知识产权保护体系的对策建议。 相似文献
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Recent studies in the tradition of Schmookler have re-emphasised the potential role of demand in stimulating innovation. Here, we reconsider the role of ‘home’ and ‘export’ market demand in stimulating manufacturing innovation using comparable panel data for two small open economies - Ireland and Switzerland. Our analysis is based on the estimation of reduced form innovation production functions using panel data estimators over the sample period 1994-2005. For a range of innovation indicators, however, we find little evidence of any significant market demand effects, with innovation performance instead determined largely by firm-level capability effects and characteristics. In policy and strategy terms this suggests the continued value of measures to improve innovation capability regardless of market demand conditions. In more methodological terms our results suggest the validity of the usual assumption implicit in modelling innovation outputs that supply-side factors predominate. 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2022,51(10):104562
Experience defined in terms of time, scope, type, density and timing affect performance of highly skilled administrative staff. We apply a multidimensional model to the field of science commercialization as a typical multi-goal oriented process. We identify how different conceptualizations of experience models lead to diverse conclusions regarding their effects on facets of performance such as speed, efficiency and revenue. Acknowledging multifaceted goals of science commercialization, we further contribute to the body of work on individual level factors regarding universities' commercialization performance. In this paper we provide evidence from the context of universities' commercialization efforts, relying on administrative records of a Japanese university including 845 transfer cases over a 13-year period (2004–2016). By focusing on coordinators working in a technology transfer office, and the various measurement modes of their experience, we detect several important characteristics. While several experience components affect speed and efficiency of technology transfer, our results show that revenue is determined by interaction components. 相似文献
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深化国际农业科技合作是推进农业科技发展、构建新型国际关系的重要路径。本文构建一个包含专业化分工反馈效应的国际农业科技合作动力框架,运用CiteSpace方法分析1994至2019年澜湄流域农业科技合作机构、学科和热点的演化趋势以体现合作专业化分工特征,并构建计量模型进一步验证专业化分工、农业生产资源和发展需求对合作的影响。研究发现：（1）澜湄流域农业科技合作机构呈现集中化趋势,以中、泰两国的高校及科研机构为主导,其他四国的合作力度相对较弱;合作学科呈现交叉融合趋势,以农学为主线,先后向昆虫学、营养学、环境学、传染病学和工程学拓展;合作前沿呈现复合系统化特征,由关注单一农业生产效益向农业复合生态系统的综合效益转变。（2）专业化分工产生的反馈效应和发展需求产生的引致效应是当前推动澜湄流域农业科技合作的两大驱动力,其中,合作机构集中化趋势限制了合作的扩大、合作学科交叉融合及合作前沿复合系统化的趋势都有助于深化合作、各成员国对内发展农业和对外扩大贸易的需求均对合作具有促进作用。而现阶段农业资源产生的势差效应尚未发挥作用。 相似文献
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Regulatory policy as innovation: Constructing rules of engagement for a technological zone of tissue engineering in the European Union 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Alex Faulkner 《Research Policy》2009,38(4):637-646
This paper addresses the question of the part that regulation plays in processes of innovation in sectors of technology. The politico-economic phenomenon of ‘Europe’ is partly constituted by regulatory regime-building, and new technologies are one of the major sites of regime-building. A constructionist social theory perspective shows that study of the conflictual processes of regulatory policymaking affords insights into the formation of the rules of engagement that constitute technology domains. Adopting the concept of emergent ‘technological zone’ in preference to industrial ‘sector’ or technoscientific network, the paper presents, using empirical research, a detailed account of the case of the debate and development of regulatory policy for therapeutic tissue engineering in the European Union's policy institutions and stakeholder networks. It describes how the jurisdiction of an emergent zone has been formed through such negotiations, providing a counter-example to the common view that regulation ‘lags behind’ innovation. The analysis takes account particularly of the part played by the malleability of the definition of the material technology itself in such constructive governance processes, and it also suggests various consequences for the array of producers of the technology, for market structuring and for the innovation pathways taken by tissue engineering technology. Concluding, the paper argues that there is conceptual advance to be made by bringing together constructionist social theory with innovation studies approaches that highlight the part played by non-firm, public institutions in shaping innovation ecologies. 相似文献
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Employing the literature on IT governance and the structuration theory of technology assimilation, this research develops a conceptual model to examine decision execution mechanisms of IT governance in post-adoption stages of CRM diffusion, i.e. CRM use, impacts on business processes, and impacts on firm performance. While the literature mainly addresses the forms and contingencies of IT governance structures for decision making, we focus on IT governance mechanisms for decision execution, that is, the role of top management, business managers and IT managers in post-adoption stages of technology diffusion and how these groups are held accountable for their role. We conceptualize decision execution mechanisms of IT governance as including two dimensions: vertical advocacy from top management and horizontal coordination between business and IT managers. Decision execution mechanisms are assumed to facilitate CRM use and value creation. We analyze a dataset of 82 Chinese firms to examine the model and associated hypotheses. Our results show that: (1) decision execution mechanisms, including both vertical advocacy and horizontal coordination, significantly contribute to the three stages of CRM diffusion; (2) vertical advocacy has a notably greater effect on CRM use and firm performance gains than horizontal coordination, which has a greater effect on process gains. (3) CRM use creates operational and strategic benefits in customer-oriented business processes, which further improves firm performance. These findings have important implications for understanding how IT governance shapes the diffusion of CRM technology. 相似文献
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Keith Pavitt has made pioneering contributions to the study of science, technology and innovation. This paper aims to examine some of them on the basis of a bibliometric analysis of Keith Pavitt's work and the impact that he has had. First the paper follows how Pavitt's publication profile develops over time. Then we trace his most cited works and explore the sets of references in his papers. Author and journal co-citation maps illustrate the intellectual environment associated with Pavitt and the central role Research Policy played in this context. An analysis of the most frequently cited authors in Research Policy and Scientometrics underlines Keith Pavitt's role as both a shaper of, and a bridge between, science and technology policy and bibliometric analysis. 相似文献
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网络社群结构动态对企业创新绩效的影响研究 《科学学研究》2022,40(4):734-745
基于社会网络理论、资源基础观和成长曲线模型,考察不同技术生命周期阶段下企业在创新网络中的社群内结构动态（群内稳定、群内扩张）和社群间结构动态（群间扩张）对企业创新绩效的影响。运用SDC数据库、USPTO、JPO、EPO以及样本企业所在国家专利数据库,以通信设备领域的联盟企业为样本进行实证研究,结果表明在技术导入期,企业群间扩张对创新绩效有负向影响;在技术成长期,企业群间扩张以及保持群内稳定对创新绩效有正向影响;在技术成熟期,企业群内稳定对创新绩效有正向影响,群内扩张与群间扩张对创新绩效有负向影响。在此基础上,提出不同生命周期阶段企业通过调整创新合作网络以提升企业创新绩效的政策建议。 相似文献
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This article explores how a subsidiary of a multi-national enterprise (MNE) in an emerging economy embeds with multiple knowledge sources, both in its corporate network (internal) and in the host country (external), to create the capability to undertake innovative activities. Drawing on first-hand and intra-firm field evidence over the lifetime of a subsidiary in the information and communications technology industry in Brazil (1996–2009) the article finds that: (1) Within 10 years, the case subsidiary attained advanced, near-world leading innovation performance in three technological functions: project management, software engineering and product and solutions; (2) This was an outcome of how the firm simultaneously engaged in knowledge-intensive linkages based on increased frequency of use and improved quality over time, with specific internal and external counterparts; (3) However, some counterparts and linkages were more effective than others in contributing to the subsidiary's innovation performance. Drawing on a novel approach that examines the relationship between dual embeddedness and innovative performance, this article extends our understanding of embeddedness as part of knowledge-seeking strategies of MNE-subsidiaries. It also provides new insights to deepen the analysis of the nuances of subsidiaries’ multiple embeddedness, especially in emerging economies. 相似文献
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我国以企业为中心的技术创新体系的构建及完善 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着经济发展越来越依赖于科学技术,知识越来越深地卷入经济过程,技术创新已经成为生产过程的中心环节。促进技术创新往往变成多个部门、产业或企业协作的事情,需要全社会的努力。技术创新本身的过程性、系统性已经成为其主要的特征。本文从主体、协同体系、中介服务、社会支撑四个角度出发,构建和完善我国的技术创新体系。 相似文献
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构建生物育种企业之间的博弈模型以及育种企业和农业生产者之间的博弈模型,分析生物育种企业的产品选择、定价与品种权许可等市场行为。研究表明,较高的植物品种权保护水平不利于品种多样化,有助于形成大型生物育种企业的市场垄断,并提高种子的市场价格;农业新品种种子价格由技术系数、投入品价格以及平均成本决定的规律揭示了发达国家技术领先的种业公司利用植物品种权保护机制操控发展中国家农业产业技术体系和产业链的现实。 相似文献
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On research efficiency: A micro-analysis of Dutch university research in Economics and Business Management 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We argue that efficiency assessments of academic research should focus on micro-units of research production rather than on conventionally employed (aggregated) macro-units, and show that such a detailed analysis of research performance provides interesting insights. In addition, we propose a non-parametric methodology that is specially tailored for analyzing the productive efficiency of research: it starts from a specification of the managerial objectives of research activities while imposing minimal structure on the (typically unknown) production technology. We illustrate our points by assessing the productive efficiency of research in Economics and Business Management Faculties of Dutch universities. Next to measuring productive efficiency, we look for specific patterns in efficiency distributions over universities, years and areas of specialization. In addition, we investigate the impact of external funding and the size of research programs on academic research efficiency. We argue that our analysis has some interesting policy implications. Most notably, our results show that a micro-analysis of research efficiency may yield a more effective allocation of the limited financial resources that are available. 相似文献