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1.
Michelle Gittelman 《Research Policy》2006,35(7):1052-1068
The biotechnology industry is a striking example of the disconnect between the location of knowledge creation and its commercial development. I argue that national technological performance in biotechnology is critically affected by institutions governing scientific careers, which shape the professional identities and boundary-spanning activities of research scientists. I test this in a comparison of the United States and France. Drawing on fieldwork and analysis of patent data, I compare institutional frameworks and estimate models of forward patent citations. The models show that entrepreneurial firms are associated with high-performing innovations in this sector whereas large established firms perform poorly in both countries, and highlight the importance of institutions in creating country-specific combinations of human capital with organizational capabilities. 相似文献
2.
Fiona Murray 《Research Policy》2004,33(4):643-659
While science-based entrepreneurial firms are a key feature of the modern economy, our insights into their organization and productivity remain limited. In particular, our understanding of the mechanisms through which academic inventors shape entrepreneurial firms established to commercialize their scientific ideas is based upon a traditional perspective that highlights the importance of human capital. Based on a study of biotechnology firms and their academic inventors, this paper examines the extent and mechanisms through which academic scientists contribute not only human capital but also social capital to entrepreneurial firms. The paper makes two contributions to our understanding of the academic-firm interface: First, it establishes that the social capital of academic scientists is critical to firms because it can be transformed into scientific networks that embed the firm in the scientific community through a variety of mechanisms. Second, the paper argues that an academic inventor’s career plays a critical role in shaping his social capital, thus scientific careers mediate the networks and potential for embeddedness that an academic inventor brings to a firm. Specifically, the foundations of an academic’s social capital can be traced to two sources: The first element that the firm may leverage is the academic’s local laboratory network—a network to current and former students and advisors established by the inventor through his laboratory life. The second form of social capital is a wider, cosmopolitan network of colleagues and co-authors established through the social patterns of collaboration, collegiality and competition that exemplify scientific careers. These findings suggest that scientific careers are central in shaping an academic’s social capital which can be translated into critical scientific networks in which entrepreneurial firms become embedded. 相似文献
3.
随着生物制药、纳米、新材料等领域的崛起,一种新的基于科学的创业企业随之诞生。这类企业与基础科学研究紧密相连,推动着科学的创新。本文以诺奖科学家参与创建,旨在商业化其研究成果的企业为案例,从管理团队、资金来源、企业合作及产品研发四个纬度研究了基于科学的创业企业发展与演化特征。通过分析此类企业管理团队发现,基于科学的创业企业管理层通常由“前沿科学家+商业人士”的组合,既能使企业处于科研前沿面,又有效地保障了企业资源获取及运营管理;从资金来源看,创业初期的资金来源主要有政府基金和风险投资,政府资助支持了企业早期研发并降低了私人投资的风险;企业发展阶段的主要资金来源主要有风险投资、公开募股、商业合作以及运营知识产权等,多元化的资金来源有效支撑了企业巨大的研发支出;企业合作主要有学术合作与商业合作两类,学术合作保持企业处于科学前沿同时获得最新专利;商业合作缩短了产品的研发周期,加快产品上市,巩固了市场地位;基于科学的创业企业其产品研发周期长,风险大;此外这类企业不仅研发面向消费者的商业产品,还研发商业技术,为科研机构或企业提供技术平台。 相似文献
4.
基于激励、认证、“良性循环”三个理论视角,研究政府引导基金投资对创业企业后续融资的影响机制。通过私募通数据库搜集数据构造匹配样本,研究结果表明：（1）为私人资本提供收益类补偿时,政府引导基金投资可以促进创业企业后续融资;然而,为私人资本提供亏损补偿加上收益类补偿,或采用市场化运作模式时,政府引导基金投资不能促进创业企业后续融资。（2）无论投资早期还是后期的创业企业,或者无论投资高科技行业还是非高科技行业的创业企业,政府引导基金投资都不能促进创业企业后续融资。（3）无论投资创投落后地区还是创投成熟地区的创业企业,政府引导基金投资都不能促进创业企业后续融资。上述结论支持激励假说,但不支持认证假说和“良性循环”假说,表明通过政府引导基金投资促进创业企业后续融资的关键在于为私人资本提供合适的补偿机制。 相似文献
5.
国内外普遍认为高校及科研院所的科研人员与企业的合作有助于推动国家创新,但迄今尚少有经验研究来探讨校企合作究竟对科研活动产生了哪些积极的或消极的影响。本文基于对一项全国七千余名科研人员的调查数据的分析,全面考察了科研人员承担企业项目对于科研文化、科研网络、科研投入及产出等多方面的具体影响,研究发现承担企业项目的科研人员有更高的研究积极性、建立了更广泛的科研合作网络、在科研成果的市场转换方面表现也更好,但同时也发现承担企业项目对科研文化和基础研究可能存在不利影响。研究结果为我们更好地促进科研机构与企业协同创新提供了新的启示。 相似文献
6.
This paper explores recent trends in the size of scientific teams and in institutional collaborations. The data derive from 2.4 million scientific papers written in 110 top U.S. research universities over the period 1981-1999. The top 110 account for a large share of published basic research conducted in the U.S. during this time.We measure team size by the number of authors on a scientific paper. Using this measure we find that team size increases by 50% over the 19-year period. We supplement team size with measures of domestic and foreign institutional collaborations, which capture the geographic dispersion of team workers. The time series evidence suggests that the trend towards more geographically dispersed scientific teams accelerates beginning with papers published at the start of the 1990s. This acceleration suggests a sharp decline in the cost of collaboration. Our hypothesis is that the decline is due to the deployment of the National Science Foundation's NSFNET and its connection to networks in Europe and Japan after 1987.Using a panel of top university departments we also find that private universities and departments whose scientists have earned prestigious awards participate in larger teams, as do departments that have larger amounts of federal funding. Placement of former graduate students is a key determinant of institutional collaborations, especially collaborations with firms and with foreign scientific institutions. Finally, the evidence suggests that scientific output and influence increase with team size and that influence rises along with institutional collaborations. Since increasing team size implies an increase in the division of labor, these results suggest that scientific productivity increases with the scientific division of labor. 相似文献
7.
What drives scientists to start their own company?: An empirical investigation of Max Planck Society scientists 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Studies on academic spin-off companies have shown that the researchers’ scientific potential, experience and established networks with other scientists or companies affect entrepreneurial activity. Most studies investigate official data such as patents and citations or qualitatively study a research group or spin-off formation. Only a few studies focus on the individual scientist. Our study fills this gap by analyzing survey interviews of 2604 scientists working for the Max Planck Society in Germany. Our empirical results indicate that the entrepreneurial activities of scientists heavily depend on patenting activity, entrepreneurial experience, and personal opinions about the benefits of commercializing research and close personal ties to industry. 相似文献
8.
聚焦高校教师群体,探讨内外部创业环境对兼职创业行为的影响.借助数理模型和实证分析,解析各类创业资源对高校教师创新驱动型兼职创业活动的影响机制,并探究创业自我效能感在创业资源和高校教师创新驱动型兼职创业活动之间的中介作用.研究发现:(1)现阶段我国高校兼职创业者呈现较明显的创业群体和创业模式特征;(2)创业时间资源和资产... 相似文献
9.
产业位势与社会资本虽在企业创新理论中受到广泛重视,但尚未在中国经济背景下得到实证。从网络理论视角来看,他们实际分别反映了企业所处网络体系的高度和广度,并在企业创新过程中发挥着重要作用。通过对上海、浙江两地高科技企业的问卷实证,本文分析产业位势与社会资本如何影响创新意愿对创新绩效的积极性。结果发现,由于社会资本的高成本性以及高产业位势滋生的自大效应,使他们对高创新意愿企业带来积极作用同时,也造成了负面作用。更为重要的是,数据显示,社会资本与产业位势的不均衡发展更将使得创新意愿越强的企业,业绩越糟。它们的协同发展与配合,才是创新型企业的培育之道,过高的创新意愿,并不能带来企业成功。 相似文献
10.
“Scientific and technical human capital” (S&T human capital) has been defined as the sum of researchers’ professional network ties and their technical skills and resources [Int. J. Technol. Manage. 22 (7-8) (2001) 636]. Our study focuses on one particular means by which scientists acquire and deploy S&T human capital, research collaboration. We examine data from 451 scientists and engineers at academic research centers in the United States. The chief focus is on scientists’ collaboration choices and strategies. Since we are particularly interested in S&T human capital, we pay special attention to strategies that involve mentoring graduate students and junior faculty and to collaborating with women. We also examine collaboration “cosmopolitanism,” the extent to which scientists collaborate with those around them (one’s research group, one’s university) as opposed to those more distant in geography or institutional setting (other universities, researchers in industry, researchers in other nations). Our findings indicate that those who pursue a “mentor” collaboration strategy are likely to be tenured; to collaborate with women; and to have a favorable view about industry and research on industrial applications. Regarding the number of reported collaborators, those who have larger grants have more collaborators. With respect to the percentage of female collaborators, we found, not surprisingly, that female scientists have a somewhat higher percentage (36%) of female collaborators, than males have (24%). There are great differences, however, according to rank, with non-tenure track females having 84% of their collaborations with females. Regarding collaboration cosmopolitanism, we find that most researchers are not particularly cosmopolitan in their selection of collaborators—they tend to work with the people in their own work group. More cosmopolitan collaborators tend have large grants. A major policy implication is that there is great variance in the extent to which collaborations seem to enhance or generate S&T human capital. Not all collaborations are equal with respect to their “public goods” implications. 相似文献
11.
众创空间是支持新创企业创新创业的重要载体,众创空间创业环境是影响新创企业绩效的重要因素。本研究从创业生态系统视角出发,探讨众创空间创业环境对新创企业绩效的影响机制,以经科技部备案的已纳入国家级科技企业孵化器管理服务体系的1902家众创空间作为研究样本,采用R语言工具进行实证检验。研究结果表明：众创空间的平台合作环境、创业培训环境和金融支持环境对新创企业资金绩效、人才绩效和创新绩效均有显著正向影响,技术供给环境对新创企业的资金绩效有显著正向影响;入驻团队类型在创业环境对新创企业绩效的影响中起调节作用,其中大企业高管离职创业类型显著正向调节技术供给环境对新创企业资金绩效的正向影响;科技人员创业类型显著负向调节平台合作环境对新创企业资金绩效的正向影响;留学归国创业类型显著正向调节创业培训环境对新创企业资金绩效和创新绩效的正向影响;大学生创业类型显著负向调节金融支持环境对新创企业资金绩效和创新绩效的正向影响。从新创企业绩效提升、创业团队选择众创空间及众创空间建设方面提供实践指导。 相似文献
12.
高技术企业创业智力资本结构验证性因素分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
智力资本是一种重要的组织知识资产。本研究将智力资本概念引入技术创业研究中，采用多层次问卷测量法，开发和检验高技术企业创业智力资本结构模型，以更好地反映高技术企业创业智力资本概念构思，并指出创业智力资本的积累和变化显著影响创业成长。 相似文献
13.
智力资本与财务资本是企业价值提升的2个重要因素,有必要对智力资本、财务资本与企业价值的关系进行研究。从时间、行业、智力资本与财务资本3个方面为出发点,将因子分析与回归方法相结合,构建企业价值的影响程度评价模型,对目前上市公司的智力资本与财务资本对企业价值的影响程度进行综合评价。并在深入分析存在问题的基础上,提出解决对策,以提升企业核心竞争力。 相似文献
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15.
In this paper, we focus on the potential innovative benefits to corporate venture capital (CVC), i.e. equity investments in entrepreneurial ventures by incumbent firms. We propose that corporate venture capital programs may be instrumental in harvesting innovations from entrepreneurial ventures and thus an important part of a firm's overall innovation strategy. We hypothesize that these programs are especially effective in weak intellectual property (IP) regimes and when the firm has sufficient absorptive capacity. We analyze a large panel of public firms over a 20-year period and find that increases in corporate venture capital investments are associated with subsequent increases in firm patenting. 相似文献
16.
How do new industries emerge? This paper aims to answer this question by analyzing the key actors in this process. We focus on the new industry of service robot. By using data of Japanese patent applications, we analyze the role of new firms and of collaborations. We find that the emergence of the industry is mainly triggered by established large firms, rather than by new firms. We further show that collaborations are at the core of new industry formation, but that they possess distinct properties. As the emergence of this new industry matches to the characteristics of Japan's institutional and knowledge regime we essentially argue that the notion of regimes with fewer start-ups being inefficient is erroneous. Our main conclusion is that industry emergence in intrapreneurial regimes seems to be distinctive from entrepreneurial regimes. 相似文献
17.
There is a lack of understanding regarding the optimal conditions for interdisciplinary research. This study investigates what characteristics of researchers are associated with disciplinary and interdisciplinary research collaborations and what collaborations are most rewarding in different scientific disciplines. Our results confirm that female scientists are more engaged in interdisciplinary research collaborations. Further, a scientist's years of research experience are positively related with both types of collaboration. Work experience in firms or governmental organizations increases the propensity of interdisciplinary collaborations, but decreases that of disciplinary collaborations. Disciplinary collaborations occur more frequent in basic disciplines; interdisciplinary collaborations more in strategic disciplines. We also found that in both types of disciplines, disciplinary collaborations contribute more to career development than interdisciplinary collaborations. We conclude with three recommendations for science and innovation policy, while emphasising the need to distinguish between different scientific disciplines. 相似文献
18.
基于认知资源观的企业家创造性决策研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
企业家创造性决策（ECDM）作为一种复杂的思维和经济现象，远非从一个视角和维度就能概括其全貌。本文基于复杂性思维的研究范式，以企业家认知资源为新的研究视角，架构了以认知科学、决策科学、创造学以及资源基础理论相互交融的ECDM理论框架，通过充分挖掘企业家独特的认知资源来探索企业家决策创造性激发的内在机制，主要在ECDM的认知激励设计、创新决策智障辨识、屏蔽策略等方面进行了深入探讨. 相似文献
19.
知识产权能力是促进企业成长的重要动力,它受企业内外因共同影响。其中,企业战略导向对知识产权能力起到重要决定作用。本文从战略导向视角出发,分别论述了作为战略导向两个维度的市场导向、创业导向与知识产权能力演化之间的关联,并在此基础上进一步探讨了知识产权能力演化路径。本文选取沪深上市10年以上的28家计算机应用企业,运用散点图、多元回归等研究方法,系统分析企业知识产权能力演化路径。结果表明,战略导向与企业知识产权能力演化之间存在显著相关,进一步分析发现创业导向正向影响知识产权创造、运用能力,市场导向则正向影响知识产权运用能力。知识产权能力结构的演化伴随着企业战略导向的调整,不同战略导向会形成相应的知识产权能力结构。 相似文献