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The present article addresses the question of how social origin affects access to higher education. The role of class-specific differences in school performance (primary effect) and cost-benefit considerations (secondary effect) are considered as well as the way in which changes in the institutional setup of the educational system may interact with social origin. The review shows that educational decisions at this later transition are mainly influenced by secondary effects. In particular, differences between social classes are explained by group-specific investment costs and expectations of the social context associated with continuing higher education. Although expansion of institutional pathways in upper secondary education has reduced social inequality in acquiring higher education entrance qualifications, secondary effects at the transition to university have been found to increase over time. Thus, within younger cohorts, high-school graduates with lower social status are more often diverted from higher education at universities by attractive vocational or nonuniversity pathways. The article discusses approaches to reduce secondary effects of social origin.  相似文献   

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The positive impact of families’ higher social origin on the transition into more demanding secondary school forms can be split up into two effects: the primary effect, which is conditioned by higher achievements of children from privileged social origin, and the secondary effect, which is independent of achievement differences and can be explained by the fact that higher school curricula are less costly and promise more benefits for parents of higher social status than for parents of lower social status. It is examined how the relative size of both effects has changed in Germany between 1969 and 2007 using two comparable studies in the federal state Hesse, which measure students’ achievement and their social origin in very similar ways. The transition to the Gymnasium, the most prestigious track of the German tripartite secondary school, is investigated applying the method by Karlson et al. (2012). The primary effect has increased, specifically because of an increasing impact of achievement; and the secondary effect decreased such that school has gained more impact compared to the child’s parental home.  相似文献   

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Evidence-based education aims at improving the effectiveness of educational interventions and programs through knowledge on the basis of rigorous scientific research. However, evidence-based education should not be equated with empirical educational research; nor should it be understood as an independent paradigm of educational science, because of its focus on educational practice. The specific notion of how science and practice relate to each other, which is fundamental to evidence-based education, is exposed to a threefold critique, namely concerning the technological conception of educational practice, the supposed abstinence from theory as frame for educational research, and the disregard of communication as medium of educational effectiveness. The last paragraph of the paper presents a reminiscent sketch of an alternative conception of the relation between science and practice as it can be found with some representatives of educational psychology.  相似文献   

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Children and youth consume pictures in a very loose, often in a sophistic way, nowadays. On the other hand educators and pedagogies faced pictures sceptically and refused iconic representations to be a means of acquiring knowledge.

Only when didactically and methodologically used, they claimed as a professionalized option, pictures could be suitful with regard to learning processes.

Pedagogues suspicially feared to loose control rejecting the irritating totality of pictures. Pointing consequently to the didactic use of pictures and images they better should have abandonned the moralistic point of view. They did not–as the history of the “Bewahrpädagogik” shows ‐, and therefore they presented a stereotype, although professional reaction to the problem of images and pictures “intruding”, “penetrating” children's life.

The article shows examples of the pedagogue's rejecting position towards children, consuming images and pictures, stating that their reaction has been a common reflex and a widespread attitude among eudcators.  相似文献   

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Auslandsstudien stellen keinen berücksichtigungswürdigen Verl?ngerungsgrund im Sinne von § 19 Abs 2 f StudFG dar.  相似文献   

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Die durch das UG 2002 mit größerer Autonomie ausgestatteten Universitäten nützen diese auch zur Kooperation bei der Einrichtung von interuniversitären Studien. Die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen für diese sind jedoch nur rudimentär. Es ist nicht möglich, gemeinsame Organe (Curriculakommissionen, monokratische Organe) für derartige Studien einzurichten. Möglich ist nur, ein Organ zu schaffen, das durch Personalunionen für beide Universitäten entscheidet. Bei der Durchführung der Studien kommt den Studierenden ein Wahlrecht hinsichtlich der Universität der Zulassung zu. Bei prüfungsrelevanten Fragestellungen richtet sich die Zuständigkeitsverteilung zwischen den Universitäten nach dem Curriculum und den dort vorgesehenen Prüfungen. Dies führt dazu, dass zB Studierende in einem interuniversitären Studium je nach Prüfungsuniversität eine unterschiedliche Anzahl von Prüfungsantritten haben können.  相似文献   

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Der Beitrag diskutiert aus der Perspektive historischer Sozialisationsforschung gegenw?rtige Bilder vom Kind. Er skizziert die Grundzüge des romantischen Kindheitsmythos um 1800 und analysiert seine Kontinuit?ten in der P?dagogik um 1900 und an der Wende zum 21. Jahrhundert. Er zeigt, dass sowohl dem aktuellen Bestseller von Elschenbroich „Das Weltwissen der Siebenj?hrigen“ (2001), als auch Positionen der zeitgen?ssischen Kindheitsforschung durchaus romantische Elemente zugrunde liegen. Kritisch befragt werden in diesem Zusammenhang sowohl das Konzept der „Selbstsozialisation“, als auch die Annahme vom Verschwinden der Differenz zwischen Kindern und Erwachsenen. Der Beitrag endet mit einem Fazit, in dem Gründe für die Attraktivit?t des Kindheitsmythos aufgeführt sowie Forschungsfragen und -probleme er?rtert werden.  相似文献   

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Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags m?chte ich die Vielschichtigkeit von erziehungswissenschaftlich motivierter Forschung am Beispiel der Wirkungsweise von Geschlechterrollenstereotypen auf die Gewaltsozialisation m?nnlicher Jugendlicher aufzeigen und dabei auf die Notwendigkeit verweisen, dieser theoretischen Komplexit?t mit einer ebenso hohen empirischen und statistischen Komplexit?t zu begegnen. Strukturgleichungsmodelle werden als geeignete Rechenweisen dargestellt und darin die Thematik der Kausalit?t als eine postulierte Verbindung zwischen Ursache und Wirkung diskutiert. Die Akzeptanz des Prinzips ‚keine Ver?nderung ohne Ursache‘ bildet den Grundsatz einer probabilistischen Kausalit?t und dieser stellt die Grundkonzeption einer empirischen Erziehungswissenschaft dar, die statistisches Anwendungsfeld und Theoriesprache miteinander zu verweben weiss.
Summary An educational science perspective on complexity and causality in the field of socialization to violence This contribution will demonstrate the complexity of educational research. This will be achieved using the example of the effect of young me’s stereotypes for gender roles on their socialization to violence in social contexts. It argues that theoretical complexity must be complimented by an equally high empirical and statistical complexity. structural equitation models are presented as an appropriate method of computation and causality is discussed as a postulated link between cause and effect. The acceptance of the principle „no change without cause“ is the fundamental basis of the concept of probability-bound causality, which, in turn, is the key to an empirical educational science that can interweave the statistical field of application with theoretical discourse.
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Zusammenfassung Herkunftsbedingte Unterschiede der Bildungsbeteiligung und des Kompetenzerwerbs stellen einen Untersuchungsschwerpunkt in der Pisa-Studie dar. In der Bundesrepublik war ein besonders enger Zusammenhang zwischen Strukturmerkmalen famili?rer Lebensverh?ltnisse (sozio?konomischer Status, Bildungsniveau, Migrationstatus), Bildungsbeteiligung und Kompetenzerwerb nachweisbar. Ziel des Beitrags ist es, auf Grundlage der Daten der nationalen Erweiterung von PISA die disparit?tserzeugenden Effekte famili?rer Strukturmerkmale durch Prozessmerkmale famili?rer Lebensverh?ltnisse (kulturelle und kommunikative Praxis), institutionelle (Schulform) und psychologische Faktoren zu erkl?ren. Dies geschieht in zwei Schritten: Zun?chst wird mit Hilfe von Strukturgleichungsmodellen gezeigt, dass die Effekte von famili?ren Strukturmerkmalen überwiegend durch die kulturelle Praxis von Familien vermittelt sind. In einer sequentiellen Berechnung von Regressionsmodellen ergeben sich sodann deutliche Hinweise darauf, dass die Wirkung famili?rer Struktur- und Prozessmerkmale im Wesentlichen über individuelle F?higkeits- und Motivationsunterschiede (kognitive Grundf?higkeiten, Lesegeschwindigkeit, Leseinteresse, metakognitive Lernstrategien) transportiert werden. Die psychologischen und institutionellen Vermittlungsmechanismen tragen gemeinsam, aber auch jeweils spezifisch und damit kumulativ zu sozialen Unterschieden im Kompetenzerwerb bei.
Summary Disparities in Educational Participation and Attainment: An Institutional and Individual Mediation Model The effect of students’ social background on their educational participation and attainment is a central focus of the PISA study. For Germany, the link between structural features of the family background (socio-economic status, level of education, migration status) and educational participation and attainment was shown to be particularly strong. Drawing on data from the German national extension of the PISA study, an explanation of these disparity effects is proposed, relying on process-based features (cultural and communicative practices), institutional factors (school type) and psychological factors. This is done in a two-step approach. First, structural equation models are used to show that most effects of family background structures are mediated by families’ cultural practices. Second, sequential analyses of regression models are run, providing strong evidence to suggest that the effects of family structures and processes are essentially transmitted through individual differences in competencies and motivation (basic cognitive abilities, reading speed, interest in reading, meta-cognitive learning strategies). Psychological and institutional mediation mechanisms contribute, jointly as well as individually, and thus cumulatively, to social differences in attainment.
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Zusammenfassung Die fl?chendeckende Einführung der Orientierungsstufe in Niedersachsen war eng mit dem Ziel des Ausgleichs sozialer Benachteiligung verbunden. Bis vor kurzem lagen jedoch kaum Erkenntnisse darüber vor, wie die Wirksamkeit dieser Schulstufe unter den Bedingungen eines obligatorischen Regelangebots einzusch?tzen ist. Im vorlie genden Beitrag wird überprüft, inwiefern es der Orientierungsstufe gelingt, die Bedingungen für eine leistungsgerechte Verteilung der Schüler auf die Schulformen der Sekundarstufe I zu schaffen. Dafür werden die Daten einer aktuellen repr?sentativen Studie an nie ders?chsischen Orientierungsstufen und Schulformen des Sekundarbereichs verwendet. Die empirischen Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass es der Orientierungsstufe einerseits nicht gelingt, ihren Auftrag der individuellen F?rderung und objektiven Leistungsbeurteilung zu erfüllen. Andererseits schafft sie es nicht, korrigierend auf die schichtbedingten elterlichen Bildungsaspirationen einzuwirken.
Summary The Effectiveness of the Orientation-Level in Schools in Lower Saxony in Re-balancing Social Disparities in Educational Participation The introduction of the so-called “Orientation-Level” into the schools of Lower Saxony was originally connected to the goal of re-balancing social disadvantage. Until recently, there was little evidence for judging the effectiveness of this obligatory provision. This paper investigates the success of the orientation-level in creating conditions for an ability-based distribution of pupils between the different schools types at secondary level. A recent representative study of the orientation-level and different school types will be presented. The empirical results indicate that the orientation-level neither fulfils its task of individual support and objective ability assessment nor does it re-balance the different educational aspirations of parents from different social groups.
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In the external evaluation of schools the technique of classroom observation belongs to the methodological standard repertoire. Nevertheless the measurement of quality of classroom teaching based upon selected lesson sequences, which are as a rule inspected only briefly, is fraught with a lot of methodological problems. Therefore it is relevant for a substantiated quality assurance to reveal problems in the measurement of quality of classroom teaching due to an implementation of adequate empirical methods. This is made possible by using the generalizability theory and the many-facet Rasch model. Analyses based upon data of the Hamburg school inspection point out that by using an appropriate data collection procedure rater effects in classroom observations turn out comparatively low at about nine percent of total variance. Furthermore analyses prove that it is insufficient to simply quantify the agreement among raters by using global reliability measures, but that it is necessary to check up on intra rater consistency for getting valid and in this way reliable results from classroom observations for the practice.  相似文献   

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At the turn of the 18th to the 19tb Century, pictures from books and leaflets developed into didactic wall charts. Between 1860 and 1960 the wall charts became the decisive medium of teaching. Three factors favoured this process: didactic theory formation, the invention of lithography, and compulsory schooling, which was gradually generalised during that period. Chance and the spirit of the time also had a role to play in the publication and presentation of wall charts, as well as the evolution in teaching methods. The selection of the pictures we will use, was governed by the principles of information, conceptualisation and aesthetic education. Reality itself served as a model for the illustrators, which can be demonstrated by pictures from history and geography lessons. Nevertheless, the didactic efforts to present as much information as possible on the one hand and to instruct the children with precise and highly desired conceptualisations of the reality on the other hand, led to an overloading of the context as well as to an unrealistic simplification of the complexities presented in the wall charts.  相似文献   

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Indicators of social background belong to the standard set of instruments for empirical research in education. Construction of valid ranking scales and category systems for social background depends on a differentiated surveying of the occupation and vocational activity of parents. Coding such details using standard procedures is a complex process. This contribution investigates the intercoder-reliability of occupational codes according to ISCO-88 and the indicators for socio-economic status (ISEI) based on these codes using a random sample of 300 graduates surveyed on the occupation of their father and mother. To this aim, we compared a double-coding by professional coders and a double-coding by the research team. The results show a match of around 50 percent between the two coding groups. The validity of the index of socio-economic status based on the data was, however, very good. The correlation between ISEI-values based on the coding from the different coders was very high. The predication of family background did not vary between the coding of the different coding groups.  相似文献   

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Wettbewerb autonomer Universitäten, universitäre Profilbildung und staatliche Steuerung der Universitäten im Rahmen neuer New-Public-Management-Instrumente standen im Zentrum der Erwartungen an die neue "Universitätsverfassung" des UG 2002. Andere Gestaltungsnotwendigkeiten überlagerten jedoch sowohl auf System- wie auf Universitätsebene in der ersten Dekade des UG 2002 eine bewusste Entwicklung und intensive Nutzung des Management- bzw Positionierungs-Instruments "Profilbildung". Je stärker jedoch die gesamtösterreichische Koordinierung und Steuerung des Hochschulraums ins Zentrum der Hochschulpolitik rückt (Stichworte Hochschulplan und Hochschulkonferenz), desto wichtiger wird "wieder" das Thema Diversifizierung der Hochschultypen sowie die Profilbildung an den einzelnen Hochschulen bzw Universitäten. Dieser Beitrag ruft die funktionalen Erwartungen an "Profilbildung" in Erinnerung und versucht va auch eine kompilierende Übersicht über den Stand der Diskussion zum Thema in den zentralen hochschulpolitischen Dokumenten der letzten Jahre zu geben.  相似文献   

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Ohne Zusammenfassung
The position of education confronted as it is by the technical development of the present time

La situation de l'éducation face à la technique contemporaine
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