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Brian L. Jones Patrick P. Lynch Carole Reesink 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(1):43-53
Understanding of the Earth/Sun/Moon system represents a major cultural nexus in the history of ideas as well as being an important conceptual area in junior science teaching. The situation is one in which the objects in question can be observed but do not lend themselves to hands‐on experience in the case of the Sun and Moon or to obvious meaningful experience of the system in the case of the Earth. Children from 9 to 12 years of age were questioned using a clinical interview technique and stimulus materials, about the shape, size and motion of the Earth, Sun and Moon. A number of alternative views appear to be held. The use of a similar procedure with a group of children would seem to offer a powerful teaching methodology in which both teacher and students gain from the dialectic learning situation that is developed by this technique ‐ apart from providing insights concerning children's understanding. 相似文献
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孙中山毕生都重视农业发展,他认为农业是国民经济的基础,是"民生切实之图",将农业兴盛与国家的命运前途紧紧相连.他把中国农业落后的根本原因归结为科学不发达,认为只要将我国的优良传统和西方科学技术相结合,精益求精,充分发挥自己优势,我国的农业发展有广阔的前景.他主张科技兴农:一、建立科学的农业管理体制;二、推广农业教育,提高劳动者素质;三、引导农民科学种田;四、发展农业机械化,提高劳动生产率.孙中山的科技兴农思想在当时的年代由于种种原因没有得以彻底的贯彻实施,但对今天的农村改革和农业的发展有着深远的影响和深刻的启示. 相似文献
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H. R. Madhusudan 《Resonance》2010,15(10):948-953
The telescopic observations by Galileo Galilei in 1610 provided compelling evidence of a heliocentric system of the universe,
as forwarded by Nicholas Copernicus in the earlier century. Firstly, Galileo established that the Earth was not the only centre
of revolution. Therefore, the Earth did not enjoy a special place, as such. Next, his observations of Venus showed that the
planet Earth clearly revolved around the Sun. 相似文献
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Pei-Ling Hsu 《Cultural Studies of Science Education》2013,8(2):285-294
Tao, Oliver, and Venville’s paper addresses a debate between two hypotheses of children’s development of conceptual understandings of the Earth. The authors aim to investigate whether culture influences students’ conceptions of the Earth. However, one questionable assumption shared among conception and conceptual change studies is that researchers can identify children’s mental models, through their discourse, to explain their conceptions of scientific phenomena. In this commentary, I challenge this assumption by looking closely at various interview data and examining different dimensions of interview discourse about the Earth. Based on my findings, I suggest that instead of seeing science talk as representations of mental models, we look at children’s science talk as discursive practices mediated by the immediate social situation and the broader social milieu. 相似文献
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The objectives of this study are:(1) evaluation of the methodology used in recent search for particles with fractional electrical charge (quarks) and its implications for understanding the scientific research methodology of Millikan; (2) evaluation of 43 general physics textbooks and 11 laboratory manuals, with respect to the oil drop experiment, based on seven history and philosophy of science criteria. Results obtained show that all the textbooks and manuals ignored the Millikan–Ehrenhaft controversy and in general lacked a history and philosophy of science perspective. In spite of the anomalous data, Millikan adhered to the guiding assumptions of his research program. Ehrenhaft's work strictly followed the logic of experimental observations. Although, Ehrenhaft's work approximated the traditional scientific method, the scientific community supported Millikan. General physics textbooks and laboratory manuals present the oil drop experiment as an example of the scientific method in which experimental data implicitly serves as an arbiter in the defense of Millikan. It is suggested that textbooks and manuals by including the Millikan–Ehrenhaft controversy and the methodology used in the search for quarks could enrich students' understanding of scientific research methodology, viz., experimental data do not always dictate the choice of a theory. 相似文献
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John Sharp 《International Journal of Early Years Education》1995,3(3):17-49
Experience suggests that few areas of science could claim to capture the interest, curiosity and imagination of young children as much as astronomy does, few are more relevant and fundamental to their everyday lives, and few are more stimulating, motivating and fun. Infant and primary astronomy is concerned with more, however, than teaching concepts and process skills or about learning facts and figures. It is certainly more than simply knowing about the periodic changes associated with how the Earth, Sun and Moon move with respect to one another. It is about the nature of science and ‘scientific’ thought. It is about human achievement. It is about feelings and emotions; our relationships with each other and our relationships with nature. It is about the many important aspects of time, cycles and change. From this standpoint, radical changes to the early years astronomy component of a recently introduced and twice revised national science curriculum operating in all maintained schools throughout England and Wales are considered both misguided and premature. Exploring the nature of infant children's ideas and beliefs in certain astronomical areas, concerns about the direction of curriculum developments and the status of early years science are discussed. 相似文献
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Correlational studies link spatial-test scores and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics achievement. Here we asked whether children’s understanding of astronomical phenomena would benefit from a prior intervention targeting a core component of children’s projective spatial concepts—understanding that viewers’ visual experiences are affected by vantage point. Children (8–9 years; N = 66) received outdoor and indoor experiences that did (Experimental) or did not (Control) focus on how scene appearance is affected by viewers' positions and movements. All then received an astronomy lesson about celestial motions (e.g., Sun apparent motion). Experimental-group children scored higher on immediate and 1-week perspective-taking tests and explained celestial phenomena more accurately than did control-group children. Data demonstrate that general spatial training—divorced from specific science content—can aid children’s subsequent learning of scientific phenomena. 相似文献
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Julia D. Plummer 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(12):1571-1605
The US National Science Education Standards and the Benchmarks for Science Literacy recommend that students understand the apparent patterns of motion of the Sun, Moon, and stars by the end of early elementary school, yet no research has specifically examined these concepts from an Earth‐based perspective with this age group. This study examines children’s understanding of the patterns of apparent celestial motion among first‐grade, third‐grade, and eighth‐grade students, and investigates the extent to which these concepts develop from elementary to middle school in students without targeted instruction. Twenty students at each grade level (total n = 60) were interviewed using a novel interview setting: a small dome representing the sky, which allowed students to demonstrate their ideas. Analysis reveals that elementary and middle school students hold a variety of non‐scientific ideas about all aspects of apparent celestial motion. While the eighth‐grade students’ understanding of the apparent motion of the Sun shows a greater level of accuracy compared with the third‐grade students, across the majority of topics of apparent celestial motion, the overall level of accuracy shows little change from third grade to eighth grade. Just as prior research has demonstrated the need for instruction to improve children’s understanding of the nature of celestial objects and their actual motions, these results support the need for research on instructional strategies that improve students’ understanding of celestial motion as seen from their own perspective. 相似文献
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Jennifer Wilhelm 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(15):2105-2122
This paper reports an examination on gender differences in lunar phases understanding of 123 students (70 females and 53 males). Middle‐level students interacted with the Moon through observations, sketching, journalling, two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional modelling, and classroom discussions. These lunar lessons were adapted from the Realistic Explorations in Astronomical Learning (REAL) curriculum. Students’ conceptual understandings were measured through analysis of pre‐test and post‐test results on a Lunar Phases Concept Inventory (LPCI) and a Geometric Spatial Assessment (GSA). The LPCI was used to assess conceptual learning of eight science and four mathematics domains. The GSA was used to assess learning of the same four mathematical domains; however, the GSA test items were not posed within a lunar context. Results showed both male and female groups to make significant gains in understanding on the overall LPCI test scores as well as significant gains on five of the eight science domains and on three of the four mathematics domains. The males scored significantly higher than the females on the science domain, phase—Sun/Earth/Moon positions, and on the mathematics domain geometric spatial visualisation. GSA results found both male and female groups achieving a significant increase in their test scores on the overall GSA. Females made significant gains on the GSA mathematics domains, periodic patterns and cardinal directions, while males made significant gains on only the periodic patterns domain. Findings suggest that both scientific and mathematical understandings can be significantly improved for both sexes through the use of spatially focused, inquiry‐oriented curriculum such as REAL. 相似文献
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刘翠玉 《五邑大学学报(社会科学版)》2008,10(1):26-28
孙中山借鉴西方科技、产业革命的经验,在长期的科技兴国和实业救国活动中形成了丰富、系统的科技思想。从本质论、价值论、发展论等层次考察孙中山科技思想,具有深远的历史和现实意义。 相似文献
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There has been growing criticism over the aims, methods, and contents of practical work in school science, particularly concerning their tendency to oversimplify the scientific practice with focus on the hypothesis-testing function of experiments. In this article, we offer a reading of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s scientific writings—particularly his works on color as an exquisite articulation of his ideas about experimentation—through the lens of practical school science. While avoiding the hasty conclusions made from isolated experiments and observations, Goethe sought in his experiments the interconnection among diverse natural phenomena and rejected the dualistic epistemology about the relation of humans and nature. Based on a close examination of his color theory and its underlying epistemology, we suggest three potential contributions that Goethe’s conception of scientific experimentation can make to practical work in school science. 相似文献
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朱华 《四川师范学院学报》2011,(4):21-24
作为中国革命先行者的孙中山,不仅为中国的独立、民主和富强奋斗终身,而且积极倡导科学,提出了丰富而系统的科学思想。一方面孙中山积极倡导学习西方科学,强调科学的重要作用;一方面完成鸿篇巨著——《实业计划》,为科学思想的实践做出了积极的探索。孙中山科学思想中蕴涵的中国社会必须通过发展科学才能实现现代化的真知灼见,不仅在近代中国产生了深远影响,推动了中国现代化进程,而且为我们今天全面树立和落实科学发展观,构建社会主义和谐社会,建设现代化强国提供了有益的启迪和借鉴。 相似文献
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E. J. Blown 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(12):1411-1462
The development of children’s cosmologies was investigated over a 13‐year period, using multi‐modal, in‐depth interviews with 686 children (217 boys, 227 girls from New Zealand and 129 boys, 113 girls from China), aged 2–18. Children were interviewed while they observed the apparent motion of the Sun and Moon, and other features of the Earth; drew their ideas of the shape and motion of the Earth, Moon and Sun, and the causes of daytime and night‐time; then modelled them using play‐dough; which led into discussion of related ideas. These interviews revealed that children’s cosmologies were far richer than previously thought and surprisingly similar in developmental trends across the two cultures. There was persuasive evidence of three types of conceptual change: a long‐term process (over years) similar to weak restructuring; a medium‐term process (over months) akin to radical restructuring; and a dynamic form of conceptual crystallisation (often in seconds) whereby previously unconnected/conflicting concepts gel to bring new meaning to previously isolated ideas. The interview technique enabled the researchers to ascertain children’s concepts from intuitive, cultural, and scientific levels. The evidence supports the argument that children have coherent cosmologies that they actively create to make sense of the world rather than fragmented, incoherent “knowledge‐in‐pieces”. 相似文献
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Pendula,Models, Constructivism and Reality 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
It is argued that Galileo made an important breakthroughin the methodology of science by considering idealizedmodels of phenomena such as free fall, swinging pendulaand the like, which can conflict with experience. Theidealized models are constructs largely by our reasoningprocesses applied to the theoretical situation at hand. Onthis view, scientific knowledge is not a construction out ofexperience, as many constructivists claim about both themethods of science and about the learning of science. Infact Galileo's models can, depending on their degree ofidealization or concretization, be at variance with experience.This paper considers what is meant by idealization andconcretization of both the objects and properties that makeup theoretical models, and the ideal laws that govern them.It also provides brief illustrations of ideal laws and how theymay be made more concrete, and briefly considers howtheories and models might be tested against what we observe.Finally some difficulties are raised for a radical constructivistapproach to both science and learning in the light of Galileo'smethodological approach. The upshot is that both the dialoguestructure of Galileo's writings and his method of model buildingprovide a rich resource for science education that rivals that of thestandard varieties of constructivism, and at the same time gives amuch better picture of the actual procedures of science itself. 相似文献
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意大利物理学家、天文学家伽利略作为近代实验科学的奠基人之一,在近代科学发展上为人类作出过巨大贡献,所有这一切都得益于他正确的研究方法,文章就其科学观进行了分析和探讨. 相似文献
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《British Educational Research Journal》2004,30(3):359-377
Sociocultural researchers have claimed that students' learning of science is a discursive process, with scientific concepts and ways of reasoning being learned through engagement in practical enquiry and social interaction as well as individualized activity. It is also often claimed that interacting with partners while carrying out scientific investigations is beneficial to students' learning and the development of their understanding. The research we describe investigated the validity of these claims and explored their educational implications. An experimental teaching programme was designed to enable children in British primary schools to talk and reason together and to apply these skills in their study of science. The results obtained indicate that (a) children can be enabled to use talk more effectively as a tool for reasoning and (b) talk‐based activities can have a useful function in scaffolding the development of reasoning and scientific understanding. The implications of the findings for educational policy and practice are discussed. 相似文献
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In this article we problematize the purpose of teaching science in preschool and the competences preschool teachers need in order to conduct science activities in the classroom. The empirical data were collected through an action research project with five preschool and primary school teachers (K-6). In the first section of this paper we use one situation, a floating–sinking experiment, as an illustration of how two different epistemological perspectives generate different foci on which kind of science teaching competences can be fruitful in preschool settings. In the first perspective, the central goal of science teaching is the development of the children’s conceptual understanding. With this perspective, we found that the science activities with children were unsuccessful, because their thoughts about concepts did not develop as expected, the situation even enhanced a “misconception” concerning density. Moreover, the teacher was unsuccessful in supporting the children’s conceptual learning. The second perspective uses a feminist approach that scrutinizes science, where we investigate if the floating–sinking activity contributes to a feeling of participation in a scientific context for the children and if so how the teacher promotes this inclusion. This second perspective showed that the children’s scientific proficiency benefited from the situation; they had a positive experience with density which was reinforced by the teacher. The children discovered that they had power over their own learning by using an experimental approach. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that there are competences other than subject matter knowledge that are also important when preschool teachers engage children in scientific activities. Through process-oriented work with the teacher group, we identified four concrete skills: paying attention to and using children’s previous experiences; capturing unexpected things that happen at the moment they occur; asking questions that challenge the children and that stimulate further investigation; creating a situated presence, that is, “remaining” in the situation and listening to the children and their explanations. We discuss possible ways to move preschool teachers away from their feelings of inadequacy and poor self-confidence in teaching science by reinforcing this kind of pedagogical content knowledge. 相似文献
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Bringing a greater number of students into science is one of, if not the most fundamental goals of science education for all, especially for heretofore-neglected groups of society such as women and Aboriginal students. Providing students with opportunities
to experience how science really is enacted—i.e., authentic science—has been advocated as an important means to allow students to know and learn about science. The purpose of this paper is
to problematize how “authentic” science experiences may mediate students’ orientations towards science and scientific career
choices. Based on a larger ethnographic study, we present the case of an Aboriginal student who engaged in a scientific internship
program. We draw on cultural–historical activity theory to understand the intersection between science as practice and the
mundane practices in which students participate as part of their daily lives. Following Brad, we articulate our understanding
of the ways in which he hybridized the various mundane and scientific practices that intersected in and through his participation
and by which he realized his cultural identity as an Aboriginal. Mediated by this hybridization, we observe changes in his
orientation towards science and his career choices. We use this case study to revisit methodological implications for understanding
the role of “authentic science experiences” in science education.
相似文献
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