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1.

This paper describes a Computer‐based Learning Environment (CBLE) whose objective is to stimulate and support learning in the field of Newtonian mechanics through exploratory activities in various microworlds. The structure of the microworld TABLE is described in detail. A pilot study is presented: it concerns the modelling process of the learner knowledge in the topic involved and the evaluation of the impact of the exploratory activity on student learning. Some suggestions drawn from the results are discussed.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract:

Moral education must be based on universal religious values, such as equality and faith, if it expects to have an impact on character development The central objective of our moral education programme is co‐operation. To specify what is meant by co‐operation, three of its aspects ‐‐ courtesy, consultation and service ‐‐ are discussed. Methods of facilitating moral development fall into three categories: ground rules, modelling, and moral reasoning. These methods must be used jointly if they are to be effective. Releasing the potential of both the society and the individual constitutes the goal of moral education.  相似文献   

3.
This paper is the Discussion Documentfor a forthcoming ICMI Study on Applications and Modelling in MathematicsEducation. As will be well-known, fromtime to time ICMI (the InternationalCommission on Mathematical Instruction)mounts specific studies in order toinvestigate, both in depth and in detail,particular fields of interest inmathematics education. The purpose of thisDiscussion Document is to raise someimportant issues related to the theory andpractice of teaching and learningmathematical modelling and applications,and in particular to stimulate reactionsand contributions to these issues and tothe topic of applications and modelling asa whole (see Section 4). Based onthese reactions and contributions, alimited number (approximately 75) ofparticipants will be invited to aconference (the Study Conference)which is to take place in February 2004 inDortmund (Germany). Finally, using thecontributions to this conference, a bookwill be produced (the Study Volume)whose content will reflect thestate-of-the-art in the topic ofapplications and modelling in mathematicseducation and suggest directions for futuredevelopments in research and practice.The authors of this Discussion Document are themembers of the International ProgrammeCommittee for this ICMI Study. Thecommittee consists of 14 people from 12countries, listed at the end of Section4. The structure of the Document isas follows. In Section 1, we identifysome reasons why it seems appropriate tohold a study on applications and modelling.Section 2 sets a conceptual frameworkfor the theme of this Study, and Section3 contains a selection of importantissues, challenges and questions related tothis theme. In Section 4 we describepossible modes and ways of reacting to theDiscussion Document, and in the finalSection 5 we provide a shortbibliography relevant to the theme of thisStudy. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

4.
ABSTRACT

In order to compare the performance of learning‐disabled and normally‐achieving children (of between nine and 11 years of age) on visuo‐spatial tasks, the Raven's Progressive Matrices, the Children's Embedded Figures Test and three self‐designed visuo‐spatial tasks were administered. The study has been conducted within the theoretical framework of a human information‐processing approach.

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5.
Abstract

This journal recently published a special issue on Kant, evil, moral perfection and education. The essays included in the special issue discussed the vulnerably and imperfection of human beings and the role of education as facilitating such beings in their pursuit of moral perfection. The contribution of this article is to put forward a Kantian idea of hope as a response to the difficulty of holding imperfect agents to an impossibly high standard (perfect virtue). Hope plays an enabling role for human agents, mediating the seemingly unstable relationship between imperfect moral agents, characterised by radical evil, and their duty to elevate themselves to the idea of moral perfection in an uncertain world. As such, hope can be seen as a response to the editors’ call to bring attention to the need to work with the vulnerabilities and imperfections of human beings through education and social change. One practical way in which education can accomplish this task is through role modelling. A further contribution of this article is to advocate a Kantian idea of impure role modelling (the role model as imperfect but hopeful).  相似文献   

6.
Summaries

English

In order to test the possibilities of the desert as an educational resource for ecosystem study a development programme was started at the Institute for Desert Research in Israel in 1972. The objectives of the investigation were:

(1) To study the structure and function of a loessial plain and rocky hill‐top ecosystem in the Negev desert highlands.

(2) To develop an ecology course for teaching the concept of the desert ecosystem. The course should demonstrate the structure, function and methodology of desert‐ecosystem investigation.

(3) To evaluate the ability of high school, teachers’ training college and university students for modelling and analysing desert ecosystems.

The investigation showed that the teaching of a field‐oriented ecology course in a relatively simple ecosystem improves students’ understanding of principles and concepts of system ecology and assists them in the use of investigatory systems approach. Participants were able to choose the main entities which compose the system, define the relationship between them, specify the mechanisms by which changes in the system take place, and to model and analyse the system.  相似文献   

7.
A Response     
Abstract

Although moral development of children has long been ascribed predominantly to the effects of parenting, there has been little systematic examination of the specific nature of this relation. In this paper, we identify four foundational components of children's moral development (social orientation, self‐control, compliance, self‐esteem) and four central aspects of moral functioning (empathy, conscience, moral reasoning, altruism). The parenting roots of each of these eight psychological characteristics are examined, and five core parenting processes (induction, nurturance, demandingness, modelling, democratic family process) that are related empirically to the development of these eight child characteristics are identified and discussed. Finally, we consider the implications of our analysis for teaching parents to influence positively their children's moral development.  相似文献   

8.
This study examined the effects of modelling (T1) and participant modelling (T2) techniques on perceptions of self‐efficacy and arithmetic achievement of learning disabled (LD) children. Subjects included 60 LD children randomly assigned to T1, T2, or control conditions. Children in the modelling condition observed a model explaining arithmetic concepts and working problems, while children in the participant modelling group observed the model and worked on problems while verbalizing solutions with the model; children in the control condition worked individually on identical instructional packets. Results indicated that children in both treatment groups achieved higher self‐efficacy and arithmetic scores, with the participant modelling group being the superior of the two.  相似文献   

9.
Sentence‐writing behaviour, including use of words self‐selected and self‐located independently of teacher modelling, was established with eight mildly retarded children in a special class. The procedure comprised three components: 1) provision of word lists; 2) praise for self‐selecting and self‐locating words from supplied word lists; and 3) response cost for responses dependent on teacher modelling. The latter were termed Words Shown and Words Told, while self‐selected and self‐located responses were termed Words Found. In a sequential component design it was found that after baseline, supplying instructions and a word list (Phase 2) and continuing the use of word‐lists together with praise for self‐managed behaviour (Phase 3) decreased the frequency of Words Told, but Words Found and Words Shown were not appreciably affected. Words Shown decreased with the introduction of response cost for responses dependent on teacher modelling (Phase 4). Also, in Phase 4 Words Found increased substantially above levels in all previous phases and Words Shown decreased to zero frequency. These changes within sentence‐writing behaviour are discussed in terms of the need for accurate discrimination of and selective attention to positive and negative instances in the acquisition of self‐regulation.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

This study examined the effects of the Facing History and Ourselves (FHAO) human rights program on moral development and psychological functioning. The FHAO curriculum significantly increased 8th grade students’ moral reasoning (Rest's 1979 Defining Issues Test) without adversely impacting on their psychological well‐being (scores on depression, hopelessness or self‐worth inventories). Girls were more empathic and had higher levels of social interest; boys had higher global self‐worth scores; there were no differences between boys and girls in their moral reasoning scores and no gender differences in the psychological impact of the course. This study adds to the literature which suggests that human rights education positively affects students’ moral development.  相似文献   

11.

Human factors Is an important discipline for technical communicators to explore, but an examination of its historical bias toward the technological system and away from the user should be part of this exploration if we are to effectively use human factors methods in print and on‐line document development. Beginning with the advent of formal human factors in the early twentieth century, this essay reviews moments in the history of human factors that are especially relevant to technical communicators. The essay concludes with a discussion of human factors research that is most applicable to technical communications, specifically qualitative usability research, minimalism, and human activity interface design.  相似文献   

12.
While many researchers in science education have argued that students’ epistemological understanding of models and of modelling processes would influence their cognitive processing on a modelling task, there has been little direct evidence for such an effect. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relation between students’ epistemological understanding of models and modelling and their cognitive processing (i.e., deep versus surface processing) on a modelling task. Twenty‐six students, working in dyads, were observed while working on a computer‐based modelling task in the domain of physics. Students’ epistemological understanding was assessed on four dimensions (i.e., nature of models, purposes of models, process of modelling, and evaluation of models). Students’ cognitive processes were assessed based on their verbal protocols, using a coding scheme to classify their types of reasoning. The outcomes confirmed the expected positive correlation between students’ level of epistemological understanding and their deep processing (r = 0.40, p = .04), and the negative correlation between level of epistemological understanding and surface processing (r = ?0.51, p = .008). From these results, we emphasise the necessity of considering epistemological understanding in research as well as in educational practice.  相似文献   

13.
Summaries

English

At the O.P.E. Laboratory, computer‐based biology dialogues result in a new pedagogical situation which could not be achieved by any other method.

This paper describes part of O.P.E. embryology dialogues, designed for undergraduate medical and biology students, and concerning interactions between inductive and competent tissues during embryonic development. Each student using these dialogues is in a position to proceed, in an active manner, through three principal stages in the knowledge of the competence concept: determination of experimental criteria of a state of competence; analysis of evolution of competence in course of time; detection of modifications of competence of a tissue towards sequential inductors.

In the course of the dialogue, each student has to interpret various experimental results, verify hypotheses and conduct in his own way a series of simulated experiments (students have no other chance of carrying out this kind of embryology experiment). The validity of the student's reasoning and his experimental methodology are constantly controlled.

These computer‐based biology dialogues are not intended to supersede other pedagogical activities. They are designed to be a new and specific contribution to comprehension, mastery, and even modelling, of biological concepts and mechanisms, and appear to meet actual requirements of biology education.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

The relationships and differences in how academic staff perceive their work and organisation are of great importance for human resource strategies in the higher education sector. The present study examines work‐related attitudes of academic staff, namely job satisfaction, self‐efficacy and organisational commitment. The purpose is to analyse how these attitudes differ among groups of individuals. Results show that there is an alternative way of classifying academic staff into distinct groups based on work‐related attitudes apart from the conventional classification based on position alone. Findings suggest that university managers should be careful in balancing between different systems of control or incentive.  相似文献   

15.

This study investigated the knowledge that experienced science teachers have of models and modelling in science in the context of a school curriculum innovation project in which the role and the nature of models and modelling in science are emphasized. The subjects in this study were teachers of biology, chemistry and physics preparing for the curriculum innovation. Two instruments were used: a questionnaire with seven open items on models and modelling, which was completed by 15 teachers, and a questionnaire consisting of 32 items on a Likert-type scale (n=71). Results indicated that the teachers shared the same general definition of models. However, the teachers' content knowledge of models and modelling proved to be limited and diverse. A group of teachers who displayed more pronounced knowledge appeared to have integrated elements of both a positivist and a social constructivist epistemological orientation in their practical knowledge. Implications for the design of teacher education interventions are discussed.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

Against the background of public concern over the moral education of the young, the contemporary constructions imposed upon schools in England by politicians, the intellectual forces arising from post‐modernism and the pressures of a pluralistic society are examined. The deep structures and slow‐growing processes which can cultivate a sense of moral values in a human community are related to how some schools have successfully achieved a moral community, in which all are valued and can make a contribution. The personal vocation and professionalism of teachers is fundamental.  相似文献   

17.
BackgroundThe validated Predicting Abusive Head Trauma (PredAHT) tool estimates the probability of abusive head trauma (AHT) in children <3 years old with intracranial injury.ObjectiveTo explore the impact of PredAHT on clinicians’ AHT probability estimates and child protection (CP) actions, and assess inter-rater agreement between their estimates and between their CP actions, before and after PredAHT.Participants and SettingTwenty-nine clinicians from different specialties, at teaching and community hospitals.MethodsClinicians estimated the probability of AHT and indicated their CP actions in six clinical vignettes. One vignette described a child with AHT, another described a child with non-AHT, and four represented “gray” cases, where the diagnosis was uncertain. Clinicians calculated the PredAHT score, and reported whether this altered their estimate/actions. The ‘think-aloud’ method was used to capture the reasoning behind their responses. Analysis included linear modelling, linear mixed-effects modelling, chi-square tests, Fisher’s exact tests, intraclass correlation, Gwet’s AC1 coefficient and thematic analysis.ResultsOverall, PredAHT significantly influenced clinicians’ probability estimates in all vignettes (p < 0.001), although the impact on individual clinicians varied. However, the influence of PredAHT on clinicians’ CP actions was limited; after using PredAHT, 9/29 clinicians changed their CP actions in only 11/174 instances. Clinicians’ AHT probability estimates and CP actions varied somewhat both before and after PredAHT. Qualitative data suggested that PredAHT may increase clinicians’ confidence in their decisions when considered alongside other associated clinical, historical and social factors.ConclusionsPredAHT significantly influenced clinicians’ AHT probability estimates, but had minimal impact on their CP actions.  相似文献   

18.

The results of a constructivism‐based teaching programme on human nutrition for students in the second year of secondary education (13‐ and 14‐year‐olds) are analysed in light of the ideas held by the students before and after implementation of the programme. The results show how most of the students who participated in this programme reorganized their ideas concerning the nutritional process and achieved a fuller understanding of how nutrition comprises a series of related and integrated processes. Other students, who followed a more conventional method based on the teacher explanation and textbooks, tended to have erroneous or incomplete ideas concerning the nutritional process.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

Higher education is in flux as governments around the world seek to use it as an instrument to enhance national economies, and the half‐life of knowledge steadily decreases. Lifelong learning is presented as critically important to the development of human capital, but its implications for first‐cycle higher education have yet to be fully appreciated. It is argued that first‐cycle higher education is evolving in the light of changes in the relationship between the academy and employers. Students’ part‐time work is a significant component of their experience in higher education, yet its potential for learning is generally under‐exploited. The argument is made that part‐time work can be drawn into the formal curriculum without prejudice to traditional academic concerns, particularly if a lifelong learning perspective is taken.  相似文献   

20.
ABSTRACT

This article reports on a pilot study aiming to examine a role-modelling character education project through an Aristotelian framework, by adopting a virtue-led approach. Aristotle famously believed virtues should be taught to children at a young age through habituation, which gradually develops into phronesis-guided virtuosity, and he considered what nowadays is referred to as ‘role modelling’ as having a large influence on children through the emotion of emulation (zēlos). Therefore, the pilot study aims to answer the question to what extent a virtue-led role modelling intervention in character education can influence students’ moral development. The intervention teaches school-appropriate virtues to students in a primary school in Saudi Arabia. While the study is just starting, this article focuses on some pertinent and problematic preliminary questions about conceptual assumptions and research design.  相似文献   

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