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1.
The effects of different modes of verbalization on recognition memory of object detail were examined in first- and third-grade children and adults. The results indicated that both age of the subject and the type of verbalization used during initial picture viewing influenced recognition accuracy for object detail. When compared to nonverbal viewing groups, only specific types of verbalization increased recognition accuracy for third-grade and adult subjects. None of the modes of verbalization was effective in increasing first-grade recognition scores. The results indicate that general statements concerning the facilitating or inhibiting influence of verbalization on recognition memory must be qualified. In addition, the results showed that developmental differences in recognition accuracy are contingent upon the type of strategy used during the encoding process. 相似文献
2.
This article discusses the idea that overt verbalization helps to develop children's self-regulated learning of cognitive skills. Verbalization can enhance children's attention to task-relevant features. As a type of rehearsal, verbalization may improve coding, storage, and retention of material, and thereby facilitate subsequent retrieval and use. Verbalization can help children maintain a positive task outlook and cope with difficulties. Because verbalization makes salient a systematic approach for improving learning and children's ability to apply it, verbalization also can raise self-efficacy (perceived capabilities). Research is summarized that assesses the effects on children's learning due to verbalizing information to be remembered, modeled actions, and strategies. Future research needs to explore maintenance and generalization of systematic approaches to learning, verbalization of task-specific and general statements, and uses of verbalization in classrooms. 相似文献
3.
Three extrinsic factors were manipulated in a problem-solving task performed by 80 10-year-old children of IQ 90–110. The factors were: The presence or absence of the name of the concept given in feedback, specific instructions, and whether the child was allowed to verbalize. The task was a modification of Vygotsky's experiment on concept formation using concrete material. The performance criteria were: time taken to solution, number of moves, and amount of verbalization. The presence of the name of the concept given in feedback speeded the time to solution and reduced the number of moves required. Specific instruction speeded the solution but did not reduce the number of moves; whereas verbalization reduced the number of moves but increased the time of solution. 相似文献
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Three levels of feed forward information and five levels of feedback information were administered during a 200 two-cue trial experiment to 150 subjects. The feed forward information consisted of instructions on correlative relationships and cue validities. The feedback information consisted of outcome feedback presented at different rates. Results indicated that: subjects provided with a psychologically relevant MCPL setting with labeled cues can perform at a very high level of proficiency without feed forward or feed-back information; statistically naive subjects are unable to use feed forward information to improve their performance; whether subject performance increases or decreases when provided with feedback information depends upon the performance index used; and withdrawal of feedback generally has little effect upon subject performance. 相似文献
5.
《Learning and Instruction》2006,16(4):310-322
Most studies on feedback compare elaborated feedback types presenting knowledge on the correct response (KCR) immediately together with further information to simple feedback types providing knowledge of result (KR) or KCR. This study uses bug-related tutoring feedback (BRT-feedback) offering strategic information for error correction, but no immediate KCR. In a computer-based learning experiment with 50 fourth-grade pupils having learning difficulties in written subtraction, cognitive and motivational effects of this BRT-feedback algorithm were compared to the effects of a traditional KR–KCR-feedback algorithm. Results show that BRT-feedback is significantly more beneficial for achievement and motivation than KR–KCR-feedback. 相似文献
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AbstractThis study provides evidence on the impact of including warm messages in elaborated feedback. These messages are aimed at the motivational process that can be mobilised by feedback and that which can condition its reception and the way students face the task (post-feedback behaviour). In a task where secondary school students had to learn a new strategy for improving their reading skills in a computer-based environment, we compared the use of elaborated feedback with the use of elaborated feedback enhanced with motivational messages (warm elaborated feedback) and a control condition (without feedback). The results showed that students receiving warm elaborated feedback revisited the text more often than those receiving only the elaborated feedback, and that both groups revisited the text more than the control group. This finding suggests that controlling the motivational aspects in feedback messages may increase the effectiveness of elaborated feedback. 相似文献
7.
维之 《山西大学师范学院学报》2009,(4):21-25
信息两面论是大卫.J.查默斯（D.J.Chalmers）于1994年提出的一个旨在用非还原论方法解决意识之困难问题的新意识理论,主张信息是世界的根本特征,它具有物理和现象两个基本方面：信息的现象方面产生出心理意识现象,其物理方面则具体化于物理的神经加工活动之中。因此,信息两面论似可以不违科学规律地说明心理意识的产生与存在。然而,信息乃是一非独立的、无形质的意义性抽象东西,属于虚在的属性范畴;心理意识则是实在的主观现象,有具体可感的持存性,因而它不能以虚在的抽象信息为产生根据。又则,心理意识是有其活动主体的,但作为抽象意义的信息能够内含或产生出一种有支承能力的主体来吗？这是大可疑义的。再从科学机制上看,是大脑神经活动产生了心理意识现象,心理信息以心理现象为载体,它是神经活动信息的转换形式,而非神经信息的另一方面。所以,信息难能具有心物两面性。但查默斯的信息两面论以其对意识难题的深刻难解,从而也具有诸多的启发意义。 相似文献
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高菊梅 《南宁师范高等专科学校学报》2006,23(4):49-51,57
比德本是儒家以自然比人的品德的观点,后世文人便赋予自然意象以自我人格曹雪芹在塑造林黛玉这个人物形象时便使用了比德这一手法本文着重从竹事、竹节、竹蕴三个方面讨论潇湘翠竹与黛玉之间的比德观照。 相似文献
9.
网络编码是一种提高网络传输效率的方法,利用线性编码的方式对传输的信息进行处理,提高网络组播的传输效率。介绍了网络编码的原理,分析了网络编码在应用中的优点和缺点;阐述了安全网络编码的理论及应用前景。最后指出了网络编码技术面临的问题及挑战。 相似文献
10.
Lou Ann S. Dickson Philipp S. Schrankel Raymond W. Kulhavy 《Instructional Science》1988,17(2):145-157
Two experiments were conducted which examined conjoint retention of spatial and verbal information in memory. The first experiment examined processing of text with simultaneous active dual coding. With spatial and verbal information from experiment one, the second experiment examined the effects of introducing dual coding prior to text processing and keyed recall to what was encoded prior to reading. Recall of both concrete features and events referring to these features was keyed to constructive encoding processes. Even minimal cueing produced better recall than no cues. Spatial primers produced not only better recall of features, but subjects who encoded spatial primers demonstrated increased ability to recall those primers. Results were interpretet in terms of dual coding theory for encoding and retrieval. 相似文献
11.
Student feedback literacy denotes the understandings, capacities and dispositions needed to make sense of information and use it to enhance work or learning strategies. In this conceptual paper, student responses to feedback are reviewed and a number of barriers to student uptake of feedback are discussed. Four inter-related features are proposed as a framework underpinning students’ feedback literacy: appreciating feedback; making judgments; managing affect; and taking action. Two well-established learning activities, peer feedback and analysing exemplars, are discussed to illustrate how this framework can be operationalized. Some ways in which these two enabling activities can be re-focused more explicitly towards developing students’ feedback literacy are elaborated. Teachers are identified as playing important facilitating roles in promoting student feedback literacy through curriculum design, guidance and coaching. The implications and conclusion summarise recommendations for teaching and set out an agenda for further research. 相似文献
12.
Minjeong Kim 《Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education》2009,34(1):105-114
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an elaborated assessee’s role on metacognitive awareness, performance and attitude in peer assessment. Two intact groups (a total of 82 students) were randomly assigned to a treatment condition (having back‐feedback activity) or a control condition (not having back‐feedback activity). The results indicated that, regarding metacognitive awareness, when participants played the elaborated assessee role, they tended to report higher metacognitive awareness in their learning process. Regarding performance, when participants played the elaborated assessee role, they tended to receive better scores in making a concept map. Regarding attitude, when participants played the elaborated assessee role, they reported greater motivation towards the peer assessment. The findings of this study suggest instructional implications for those who want to employ peer assessment as a learning method by showing the effectiveness of a well‐developed role design, specifically one that includes the back‐feedback activity. 相似文献
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Elisabetta Robotti 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2012,80(3):433-450
In the field of human cognition, language plays a special role that is connected directly to thinking and mental development (e.g., Vygotsky, 1938). Thanks to “verbal thought”, language allows humans to go beyond the limits of immediately perceived information, to form concepts and solve complex problems (Luria, 1975). So, it appears language can be studied as a cognitive process (Chomsky, 1975). In this investigation, I study language as a means for making the cognitive process explicit. In particular, I analyze the role of the verbalization produced by pairs of students solving a plane geometry problem. The basic idea of my research is that, during the resolution process of a plane geometry problem, natural language can play roles beyond that of communication: Natural language can be seen as a tool for supporting students’ cognitive processes (Robotti, 2008), and, at the same time, it can also be seen as a researchers’ tool which allows us to shed light on the evolution of students’ cognitive processes. With regard to language as researchers’ tool, I show how natural language (in our case, students’ verbalization during resolution of a plane geometry problem) can be used by the researcher to make explicit, to study, and to describe the development of the students’ cognitive processes during the resolution process. To this end, I present a model I have developed that allows us to identify, in students’ verbalization, different phases of their cognitive processes. 相似文献
15.
Peer-feedback content is a core component of peer assessment, but the impact of various contents of feedback is hardly studied. Participants in the study were 89 graduate students who were assigned to four experimental and a control group. Experimental groups received a scenario with concise general (CGF) or elaborated specific (ESF) feedback by a high or low competent peer. ESF by a high competent peer was perceived as more adequate, but led to more negative affect. Students in CGF groups outperformed ESF groups during treatment. Groups with a low competent peer outperformed groups with a high competent peer during the posttest. Feedback perceptions and performance were uncorrelated. 相似文献
16.
《教育实用测度》2013,26(3):167-180
In the figural response item format, proficiency is expressed by manipulating elements of a picture or diagram. Figural response items in architecture were contrasted with multiple-choice counterparts in their ability to predict architectural problem-solving proficiency. Problem-solving proficiency was measured by performance on two architecture design problems, one of which involved a drawing component, whereas the other required only a written verbal response. Both figural response and multiple-choice scores predicted verbal design problem solving, but only the figural response scores predicted graphical problem solving. The presumed mechanism for this finding is that figural response items more closely resemble actual architectural tasks than do multiple-choice items. Some evidence for this explanation is furnished by architects' self-reports, in which architects rated figural response items as "more like what an architect does" than multiple-choice items. 相似文献
17.
魏广君 《洛阳师范学院学报》2008,27(6):110-113
当下中国画发展的各种取向、趋势划分中,新具象水墨与都市生存体验倾向的作品,一直以来被视为当代中国画的代表性表述。在语言表现上,新具象水墨的取舍自由度要远远地强于其他水墨品种,这主要得力于这种水墨样式的折中性和包容性。新具象水墨最为感人的地方在于他们的作品中体现出来的现实关怀的价值。新具象水墨与都市生存体验的提法是一种新的分类,其目的在于强化新具象水墨与现代都市生活之间的关系,更有效地突显水墨的现代干预性,另外,就这一类画家的绘画体裁而言,也大多与都市生活有关。 相似文献
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We investigated what impact elaborated feedback has on sixth graders' deep-level comprehension of texts within a computer-based assessment. Experiment 1 (N = 566) focused on the contents of computer-provided elaborated feedback (i.e. inference-prompts, error explanations, or monitoring-prompt) using a control-group design. Results showed that none of the feedback treatments had an effect on performance. This appeared to result from participants' low commitment to processing the feedback. Experiment 2 (N = 251) focused on the feedback presentation type by varying computer-mediated and person-mediated inference-prompts within a control-group design. Results showed that only the person-mediated inference-prompts had significant effects on performance with respect to the correction of initially false answers to comprehension questions and the performance on subsequent test questions. Findings of both experiments indicate the impact of inference-prompts on text comprehension within performance assessments, highlighting the need to explicitly account for motivational issues in feedback interventions on higher-order reading processes. 相似文献
20.
张亚军 《上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2002,31(1):46-55
“正”,“正在”与“在”是现代汉语中意义相近,用法同异互参的三个时间副词,它们形成的时间以及虚化的途径不完全相同,表同时的“正”出现最早,“正在”的形成与介词“在”后的处所宾语以及出现于“正在＋VP”后的之间／之时”等成分的脱落直接相关,由于时间副词“在”的出现是晚近的事,因而在相当长的时期中,“正在”与“正”表现出更多的相通性,明清白话到现代汉语中“正在”意义与用法的变化与时间副词“在”的形成有着内在的联系,时间副词“在”的形成也体现出动态的进行与静态的持续两种时间范畴意义表达手段的功能分化倾向。 相似文献