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1.
本文从启发学生的发散思维、集中思维,培养其创造性思维入手,通过一题多解、归纳各类反应和设计合成构思程序诸方面的训练,分析、讨论了有机合成的解题思维方法。  相似文献   

2.
有机合成设计是有机合成化学家对预先要合成的目标化合物进行化学结构、官能团和化学性质分析、筛选出适应的合成原料和有机合成的反应和方法,从而拟定有机合成方案。有机合成设计技巧是设计者有机合成设计技能的升华。一个理想的、成功的有机合成设计不仅为有机合成实践活动给出了宏伟蓝图,也给人以美的启迪。  相似文献   

3.
羟醛缩合反应是有机化学中一个相当重要的反应,它在有机合成中得到了广泛的应用。在我们的教学中它既是个重点,也是个难点。这里所说的“难”,是指学生在学习过程中往往孤立地记这一反应,对它的反应实质不能充分理解,因而不能把这一反应与其它相关的反应进行联系和比较,学习起来就会感到反应类型太多,难以掌握。如果能把这些相关的反应前后串成一条线,从机理上掌握它们,这样就可以让学生同时掌握五、六种典型反应,应用起来便可得心应手。 羟醛缩合反应从机理上讲,它是碳负离子对羰基的亲核加成,由于醛酮的a—氢的酸性比炔氢还强,所以  相似文献   

4.
研究了一些有机物在适当的催化剂作用下与氢反应的过程,结合实际药物的制备研究了催化加氢催化氢解的过程,指出了影响催化氢化的结构、催化剂、温度、压力、溶剂等因素,丰富了催化氢化的内容  相似文献   

5.
格氏试剂是元素有机合成中的一类重要反应中间体,本文着重论述了格氏试剂在金属有机合成和非金属有机合成中的各种应用.  相似文献   

6.
微波辐射在有机合成中的应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
章综述了近年来微波辐射技术在有机合成中的应用情况。主要讨论了微波辐射的作用机理,以及在烷基化、碱缩合反应、硝化反应、氧化反应、环化等常见有机合成反应方面的应用。  相似文献   

7.
芳胺重氮化在有机合成中的应用   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
重氮化的重要性在于重氮盐的化学性质非常活泼,重氮盐可进行许多反应,转化成许多类型的化合物可发生多种反应.重氮盐作为有机合成反应的中间体,在有机合成中占有极其重要的位置.  相似文献   

8.
一、有机合成题解题特点通常解有机合成题的方法有两种 :一是直接法 ,二是逆推法。直接法是先比较反应物与产物在碳架和官能团上的差异 ,然后有目的地由已给原料出发 ,通过有机反应逐步转变为产物 (目标化合物 )。这类方法适合于比较简单产物的合成 ,而且由原料到产物所经反应步骤不太长。逆推法是由产物开始 ,通过逆推得到简单的起始原料 ,这种方法适合于复杂有机化合物分子的合成 ,特别是那些具有特殊结构的新物质的合成。学生对于一个具体的有机合成题 ,应首先考虑所给条件 ,从而确定用什么方法去解决 ,方法确定下来之后 ,教会学生设计合…  相似文献   

9.
钯催化Suzuki偶联反应是有机合成中构建分子中碳-碳键的重要反应之一,由于该反应产物容易分离、催化剂可重复使用等特点,已引起人们的广泛关注.综述了近年来钯催化Su-zuki反应的研究进展,包括Suzuki反应机理、载体催化剂及其在有机合成中的应用等.  相似文献   

10.
一、知识要求 有机合成是综合运用有机化学知识的一个重要窗口.有机合成的灵活度大,要求的知识面广.因此,熟练掌握各类有机物性质及相互间的互变关系,特别是各类官能团的特性及相互间的衍变,是解有机合成题必备的知识支撑.  相似文献   

11.
本文作者利用自行研制的激光测氢装置,测量了焊接接头和U型试样中的氢分布,并且推导了U型试样弯曲部分(塑性变形区)的应变、残余应力计算公式。结果表明:在焊接接头中,1.沿熔深方向上,氢分布是不均匀的。最高氢含量在熔合线附近;2.氢的具体分布情况,取决于焊缝金属和母材原始含氢量,以及金相组织。在U型试样中,1.计算应变的公式ε_θ~ρ=(tθ)/(πr_0)和应力公式σ_θ=F((tθ)/(πr_0))~n可以用来计算无明显反弹的U型试样弯曲部分的应变量和残余应力值。1Cr18Ni9Ti(C.R.)钢的F=990MPa、n=0.146;2.氢分布明显受应力和应变的影响。应力、应变值愈大,含氢量愈高。  相似文献   

12.
A significant temperature raise within hydrogen vehicle cylinder during the fast filling process will be observed, while the strength and fatigue life of the cylinder will dramatically decrease at high temperature. In order to evaluate the strength and fatigue of composite hydrogen storage vessel, a 70-MPa fatigue test system using hydrogen medium was set up. Experimental study on the fatigue of composite hydrogen storage vessels under real hydrogen environment was performed. The experimental results show that the ultimate strength and fatigue life both decreased obviously compared with the values under hydraulic fatigue test. Furthermore, fatigue property, failure behavior, and safe hydrogen charging/discharging working mode of onboard hydrogen storage vessels were obtained through the fatigue tests.  相似文献   

13.
1 Introduction IronaluminidesbasedonFe3 Alhavemanyadvantagesforstructuralusesatelevatedtemperaturebecauseoftheirexcellentcorrosionresistanceandrelativelylowmaterialcost.However,thesealloyshavenotyetfoundwidespreadusebecausetheyexhibitpoorductilityandbr…  相似文献   

14.
The process of gaseous hydrogen charging into a Ti3Al-based alloy in the temperature range of 500–650°C is investigated. The results showe that the relationship between the average hydrogen concentration at constant temperature and charging time reveals a parabolic rate law. Applying the theory of lattice diffusion to analyze the hydrogen diffusion in the alloy, we find that the apparent activation energy of hydrogen diffusion is 90.40 kJ/mol, and the equilibrium hydrogen content in the alloy depends on the temperature of the gaseous hydrogen charging process. Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (93QE14002)  相似文献   

15.
运用电化学方法研究酸洗对WYS700高强钢氢含量的影响。结果发现,酸洗后WYS700高强钢氢含量增加了43.8%。时效处理可以有效的降低酸洗导致的氢含量增加,48h时效处理后氢含量降至酸洗前相近水平。  相似文献   

16.
1IntroductionNickel-based alloys containing 20 -30 wt % Mo isknown to be essential for corrosion resistance in re-ducing media[1],especially for resistance to HCl at alltemperatures and concentrations[2]. However , uponexposure to elevated temperatures in the range of600 -800 ℃,these alloys suffer an al most completeloss of roomtemperature ductility as a result of long-range ordering (LRO) to Ni4Mo .It is considered thatthe loss of ductility mainly results from the environ-mental embrittle…  相似文献   

17.
The fracture behavior of disordered and ordered Ni4Mo alloy was investigated by tensile tests in hydrogen gas or during hydrogen charging. The results show that the ductility of the disordered alloy decreased slightly with the hydrogen pressure increasing, while that of the ordered alloy decreased rapidly with the hydrogen pressure increasing. However, the ductility of both disordered and ordered alloys reduced similarly seriously with the charging current density increasing. Therefore, the mechanism of order-induced embrittlement of Ni4 Mo alloy in hydrogen gas is supposed to be that atomic order accelerates the kinetics of the catalytic reaction for the dissociation of molecular H2 into atomic H.  相似文献   

18.
Solar energy is a natural resource which can be harnessed to provide clean electricity for hydrogen production systems. However, this technology is not widely used because of control issues, particularly for hydrogen refuelling stations. At present, direct or DC-DC converter couplings are the most common system configurations for hydrogen refuelling stations. However, these system configurations are costly and suffer from gas shortage at hydrogen refuelling stations. Furthermore, the hydrogen produced by such system configurations varies considerably depending on the levels of solar radiation. In order to address these issues, a new system configuration is proposed, incorporating the feedback signal of the storage level in the control system. The photo- voltaic (PV) system, electrolyzer, and storage tank are integrated with a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to determine the backup current compensation for electrolyzer operation in order to obtain the minimum power required for hydrogen production. The proposed FLC is constructed with three input variables which are the PV current, hydrogen storage level, and the battery state of charge. The rules-based fuzzy inference process is based on the proposed configuration which combines the advantages of direct and DC-DC converter coupling configurations. The simulation results show that the proposed configuration offers better adapta- bility to variable radiation conditions compared to other methods. This gives a more promising option for ensuring the adequacy of hydrogen supply at hydrogen refuelling stations.  相似文献   

19.
研究了在相对论领域中,氢原子在强激光场中的电离几率变化规律和向外辐射出的高次谐波之间的关系,得出了在氢原子电离几率大时的激光条件下辐射出的高次谐波多。电离几率小时的激光条件辐射出的高次谐波少。  相似文献   

20.
本文采用巨正则蒙卡方法(GCMC)对储氢过程作了模拟,通过对锯齿管(zigzag)中大量氢气分子的研究,得到它在纳米管中轴向和径向分布的一些特点。  相似文献   

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