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1.
By focusing on the domains of math and German, the present study with 200 elementary school children investigated the specific relationships of self-reported grades with academic self-concepts and self-perceptions of effort within the competence-affective separation of academic self-concepts. In addition, possible mediator effects of academic self-concepts were explored. In both domains, self-reported grades positively predicted academic self-concepts of corresponding domains, which, in turn, positively predicted self-perceptions of effort of corresponding domains. However, there were no negative cross-domain achievement effects on academic self-concepts and no negative cross-domain self-concept effects on self-perceptions of effort. Both academic self-concepts mediated the effects from self-reported grades to self-perceptions of effort in corresponding domains. This research indicates that children’s self-perceptions of effort can be inferred by their competence and affective self-concepts.
  • Highlights
  • Self-reported grades positively predict academic self-concepts of corresponding domains.

  • Academic self-concepts positively predict self-perceptions of effort of corresponding domains.

  • There are no negative cross-domain achievement effects on academic self-concepts and no cross-domain self-concept effects on self-perceptions of effort.

  • Academic self-concepts mediate the effects from self-reported grades to self-perceptions of effort in corresponding domains.

  相似文献   

2.
ABSTRACT

This paper introduces the concept of digital structural violence and examines the negative role it could have in future learning systems. To address it, we propose a new interdisciplinary research agenda at the intersection of three current but disparate lines of work that:
  1. Use the concept of epistemic privilege to theorise the inclusion of marginalised learners in the design of learning systems, and utilise participatory action research and emancipatory methodologies to pragmatically ensure this happens;

  2. Support young learners and teachers to understand and build their own artificial intelligence algorithms;

  3. Develop sustainable interdisciplinary links with computer science to address digital structural violence at the algorithmic level and to make its societal implications and underlying processes more widely understood, especially by teachers.

Taken together, these provide for a material form of resistance to digital structural violence and a theoretically and methodologically coherent future research agenda for building just learning systems.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

The present study examined phonological processing skills (phonological memory, phonological awareness, and rapid automatised naming, RAN) in relation to early Chinese reading and early Chinese mathematics for young children. Early Chinese reading was assessed with single character reading and multi-character word reading, and early mathematics was assessed with procedural arithmetic and arithmetic story problems. Among 86 Chinese kindergarteners, phonological processing skills explained 20% of the variance in character reading and 28% of the variance in word reading; they accounted for 8% of the variance in arithmetic and 11% of the variance in story problem performance. Specifically, findings further highlight the general importance of phonological awareness in early Chinese single character reading, word reading, simple arithmetic and story problems, and the specific role of RAN in single character reading and simple arithmetic.
  • Highlights
  • Phonological awareness and rapid automatised naming explained unique variance in Chinese single character reading and procedural arithmetic.

  • Only phonological awareness significantly accounted for unique variance in Chinese word reading and arithmetic story problems.

  • The associations of phonological awareness with procedural arithmetic and arithmetic story problem were maintained even beyond other variables.

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4.
Summary

  • A.Drawbacks to attending evening classes

  • (i) In the group of students investigated the main drawback to attending evening classes was item 3 (the rush to get to classes from work).

  • (ii) The main difference among the students was in the importance attached to item 9 (domestic commitments), married students finding it as important as item 3.

  • (iii) Choices made by students in different courses were fairly homogeneous, apart from the domestic courses. This seems to indicate that the factors making for wastage are not functions of the courses taken, so much as of age, sex, marital status, etc.

  • B. Incentives to attending evening classes

  • (i) The main incentive was item 1 (it will be useful in getting a better job).

  • (ii) Items 2 (it will help in getting promotion in my present job) and 3 (it will be of general educational value) were ranked next in importance to item 1.

  • (iii) Responses to the preferred items 1, 2, and 3 were relatively homogeneous when the data were arranged to isolate sex difference, marital status, and age.

  • (iv) All courses except the domestic ones made similar choices in this question.

The great importance of item 3 in question 13 (the rush to get to classes from work) as a disincentive in the group investigated (and in the try-out group) and in the research of Smith and Wilkins, suggest that local arrangements between employers and colleges to give more time between work and classes would attack one of the most accessible, and at the same time most important, causes of wastage.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

In many countries agriculture is in a process of rapid change,
  • - it has to meet a growing demand for food in a sustainable way,

  • - the international competition is increasing,

  • - the increase in labour productivity is decreasing the employment opportunities in agriculture,

  • - agricultural research is offering many new opportunities to increase productivity,

  • - government price support for agricultural products in industrial countries is decreasing.

These changes have many implications for agricultural extension, such as:
  • - the knowledge and capabilities of farmers has become a major factor in their ability to compete in national and international markets,

  • - advice is not only needed on the adoption of new technologies, but also on many other decisions farmers have to make, such as the choice of their farming system and the decision whether or not to earn an income from outside agriculture,

  • - this requires a change in extension methods and in the information sources extension agents use,

  • - agricultural development demands painful changes in the way of farming and of living for many farm families. It is a challenge for extension agencies to help farm families to realise this,

  • - a major task for leaders of extension organisations is to manage a process of change in agricultural extension. Often the role extension has to play in agricultural development can not be performed by one extension organisation, but only by a pluralistic extension system.

Agricultural extension is often expected to contribute to a reduction of poverty among farmers and farm labourers. One has to think seriously how one can realise this objective.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

Recent advances in computer‐based interactive digital technologies have presented a broad range of possibilities to create powerful presentations and instructional messages. However, incorporating these new technologies effectively is not a simple task because the design of effective computer‐based instructional material is a complex process. Successful design involves interactions between individual learner characteristics, instructional delivery media, the type of specific knowledge and skills being taught, and the strategies and methods used to teach the material.

This paper discusses:
  • — The need for an Automated Instructional Design

  • — The integration of learning theory, instructional design and technology

  • — Some approaches for automating instructional design

  • — An exploration of ID Expert, ? an intelligent computer‐based multimedia instructional development system (beta version 1.0).

  相似文献   

7.
This paper draws upon evidence from a three‐year longitudinal study of young children drawing across home, pre‐school and school. The study shows how the belief systems of significant adults and more able peers/siblings impact upon the child’s access to, use of and beliefs about drawing. Concentrating upon the children when in the Foundation Stage (aged between three and five), the paper highlights:
  • the importance of the mother’s role in organizing the home space, the child’s time and his or her access to materials;

  • gendered responses to an environment in which the mother is a constant presence in comparison with the limited presence of the father.

  相似文献   

8.
This study investigated the relationship of personality, ability and school achievement. The findings here were that:
  1. intelligence is the major determinant of school achievement;

  2. bright children tend to come from smaller families than dull children;

  3. relatively unstable children have a better level of school achievement than stable children;

  4. extraversion‐introversion had no effect on school achievement.

  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

Current changes in agricultural and food science higher education in Central and Eastern Europe are interesting for the analysis of the repercussions of post communist economic and social transition, particularly in the adaptation and restructuring of scientific and technical education.

Using an institutional approach and referring to their experiences of these educational systems, the authors provide a Western view of current transformations and areas of development of higher education in agricultural and food sciences in the countries concerned. The emergence of a new social demand and of new systems of access to employment implies re-evaluation and adaptation of former training models. The authors suggest that the current reflection on the question should focus on three key issues:
  • -redefinition of the role and function of managers in the agricultural and food economic sector;

  • -replacement of a production-oriented approach by a more comprehensive approach to the problem of rural development;

  • -recognition of the educational value of biological sciences as both models and tools for the acquisition of knowledge and the management of complex systems.

  相似文献   

10.
Summary

In order for group analysis to be successful and to achieve the atmosphere which allows student cooperation to flourish, it is essential that adequate physical and financial resources are provided. These can be summarized as follows:
  • (i)Adequate budget to allow for expenditure on models, visual materials, acquisition of background information, etc.

  • (ii)Secretarial staff for typing and administration

  • (iii)Laboratory technicians

  • (iv)Visual aid staff

  • (v)All resources available to the industrialist viz: information library, telephone, typing, stationery, workspace, storage, etc.

  • (vi)The active cooperation of academic and technical staff

  • (vii)Flexibility in timetabling and room allocations

  • (viii)Seminar members who will command the respect of the students and will readily adapt to role playing where necessary

  • (ix)Studio masters who are totally committed to the group analysis method of teaching and are, therefore, willing to allot substantial proportions of their time to student consultation

  • (x)A cooperative administrative staff.

It is not difficult to provide such resources to make a new experience for a considerable number of college administrators and teachers alike.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

This paper deals with four aspects of teacher training in educational technology:
  • general information on the education system in Rumania

  • teacher training in the utilization of educational media

  • teacher training with a view to the improvement of teaching‐learning systems

  • teacher training in the new information and communication technologies

In each of these areas of teacher training, the problems and perspectives related to developments of educational technology are considered.  相似文献   

12.
Summary

The early history of factory inspection in this country shows that:
  • (1) voluntary submission to inspection could not be counted on;

  • (2) local forms of inspection were completely ineffective;

  • (3) a strong central government inspectorate was much more effective but made mistakes in its formative years;

  • (4) the absence of any tradition of schooling and all that went with it added to the great educational responsibilities imposed upon the factory inspector;

  • (5) some influence may be traced in negative and positive ways upon Her Majesty's inspectors of schools.

  相似文献   

13.
The study reports the analysis of a mother/child interaction sequence. Its focus is on the mother's teaching strategies. The child was presented with two tasks. The first task was new and not previously experienced by the child; the second task was one that had been experienced. The mother's teaching of the tasks was videotaped and analysed. The material was analysed according to ‘on task’ behaviours. The results indicated that:

  1. (a) both the mother and child were able to maintain a continuous communication sequence;

  2. (b) the mother structured both tasks, but structured the new task more, and allowed some flexibility in the old task;

  3. (c) the language used by the mother was ‘restricted';

  4. (d) in responding to her child's behaviour, the mother made more use of verbal cues and used fewer non‐verbal cues

  相似文献   

14.
15.
The modern world rests on the beliefs that activity can bring about improvements, that research can identify the actions which deliver improvements and that policy can set the framework for enabling these identified actions to take place. The triple null hypothesis postulates that all three beliefs are false. In the context of educational media, particularly in distance education, the triple null hypothesis states that:
  • Media don't matter

  • Research doesn't matter

  • Policy doesn't matter

This paper discusses possible relationships between the three null hypotheses. Media is used here as an example. Other examples might be teaching paradigms, staff development, etc. The general argument can apply to any activity: neither the activity itself, nor research on it nor policy on it matter. If the triple null hypothesis is true then there is a vacuum of pressure for action, research and policy. Practitioners, researchers and policy makers construct beliefs to fill the vacuum.  相似文献   


16.
ABSTRACT

Background

Children’s interest in science is known to decline around the upper primary age, and botanical topics are unpopular with students. Drama in education has the potential to increase motivation and interest in school science.  相似文献   

17.
The current study digitalised an assessment instrument of receptive vocabulary knowledge, GraWo-KiGa, for use in Austrian kindergartens. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study looks at 85 kindergarteners in their last year (age M = 5.79 years, 51.8% male, 71.8% L1 German), to find out (a) whether the form of digital assessment employed meets the required quality criteria and is comparable to the print version and (b) how instructors and children perceive its practicality and comprehensibility, as well as which version kindergarteners prefer. The results reveal that the digital assessment tool is both reliable (α = 0.85) and valid (convergent validity: r = 0.43; discriminant validity: r = 0.31). Results of the digital and print version were comparable (r = 0.83). Although children found both versions easy to use, most of them reported the digital version to be easier and also preferred. In light of the numerous benefits that digital assessments offer in terms of administration, evaluation, feedback and motivation, the digital version of GraWo-KiGa has great potential in easing kindergarten teachers' assessment procedures. However, due to the limited availability of digital resources, the print version will remain highly relevant in the future.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic
  • Proper assessment is the basis of individualised support.
  • Digital assessment procedures can ease the assessment process and motivate children, even in kindergarten.
  • In German-speaking countries, digitalisation has barely reached kindergarten.
  • The print version of GraWo-KiGa reliably and validly assesses receptive vocabulary in kindergarteners in their last year.
What this paper adds
  • GraWo-KiGa digital meets the necessary quality criteria in terms of reliability and validity and is comparable to its print version.
  • GraWo-KiGa is practical in use for both children and kindergarten teachers.
  • Most kindergarteners preferred the digital version over the print version. Teachers benefit from easy administration and evaluation, quick results, and a pleasant screening procedure for the kids.
Implications for practice and/or policy
  • Digital assessment tools in kindergarten have the potential to support kindergarten teachers in their regular assessment processes.
  • In kindergarten, the use of GraWo-KiGa digital allows children at risk of developing reading comprehension difficulties to be identified quickly and economically.
  • Digital assessments enable rapid and targeted allocation of children to support programmes.
  相似文献   

18.
Background: Professional learning communities are increasingly recognized for their significance in building teachers’ competencies for educational reform. However, the knowledge development cycle of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) through multiple professional learning communities is not well researched.

Purpose: This qualitative case study investigates a primary science teacher’s TPACK development in the context of two interdependent learning spaces: a joint-school and a within-school professional learning community. The school’s organizational and sociocultural influences on teacher learning are also examined.

Participant: Teacher Sean (pseudonym) embarked on a science innovation project after two years of teaching in a Singapore mainstream school. He was tasked to integrate mobile-based inquiry learning and visible thinking pedagogical approaches, and to pilot the designed lessons for a primary three class.

Design and methods: A case-study approach involving multiple sources of data with cultural historical activity theory as the analytical lens was employed, to unpack the complementary and contradictory interactions across different interrelated activity systems. The purpose was to understand the (mis)alignments within and between the two professional learning communities.

Results: The findings indicate that Sean’s (subject) learning from the joint-school professional learning community to the within-school professional learning community faced multiple tensions that hindered his TPACK development (object). He faced difficulty in manipulating tools (technology and visible thinking routines) to translate the joint-school co-designed lessons into classroom implementation. Additionally, the volatility of the school’s organizational routines (rules) and the lack of communicative leader–teacher partnership (division of labor) did not afford sufficient infrastructure or instructional support.

Conclusions: Interactions between the teacher’s personal and contextual factors inhibited the designed TPACK from being implemented successfully. For ambitious pedagogical undertakings as illustrated in this case, more perceptive and synergistic organizational design thinking is needed to support beginning teachers’ TPACK development.  相似文献   


19.

This article deals with the following question: how can research in science education enrich the design of teaching innovations? Two possible answers are examined:
  • Students’ own ways of reasoning may be taken into account, either as provisional steps towards more elaborate views or as obstacles to be confronted.

  • The epistemological framework of episodes using an experimental set‐up may be used. This can take different forms, ranging from simple inductions to searches for consistency between given laws or hypotheses and experimental facts.

The new French curriculum provides two examples of strategies concerning elementary optics at grade 8 that can be analysed along these lines. The value of these strategies is discussed. Different combinations of the role of learners’ previous ideas and epistemological aspects are also examined. Some elements of evaluation concerning one of the recommended combinations are given. Finally, the role of teachers as ‘innovation transformers’ is presented as a critical topic for future research.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

The basic aims of NVCQ are ones which can be fully endorsed. However, it has been envisaged that the notion of ‘competence’ will provide the required flexibility to enable NCVQ aims to be realised in the new vocational qualifications system. This is not so. In this paper, the distinction between ‘having NCVQ competences' and actually being competent is clearly drawn. For instance:
  • 1. Theoretical knowledge and understanding is essential to being competent. But scant attention is paid to this in the specification of NCVQ competences. The value of knowledge and understanding is reasserted in this paper.

  • 2. Being competent in the workplace usually involves the ability to engage fully in teamwork. But NCVQ actually adopts an individualistic orientation by emphasising personal competences. In fact, the required capacity for teamwork is hardly analysable in individual terms.

  • 3. Competences are based on a strictly behavioural analysis. While this looks attractive from the point of view of assessment, it tends to support both the biases above, being individualistic and ignoring relevant mental activity.

  相似文献   

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