Temporal trends in 6-minute walking distance for older Japanese adults between 1998 and 2017     

Grant R. Tomkinson  Tetsuhiro Kidokoro  Trevor J. Dufner  Shingo Noi  John S. Fitzgerald  Holly M. Brown-Borg 《运动与健康科学(英文)》2021,10(4):462-469

BackgroundThe 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) is an excellent measure of both functional endurance and health. The primary aim of this study was to estimate temporal trends in 6MWD for older Japanese adults between 1998 and 2017; the secondary aim was to estimate concurrent trends in body size (i.e., height and mass) and self-reported participation in exercise/sport.MethodsAdults aged 65–79 years were included. Annual nationally representative 6MWD data (n = 103,505) for the entire period were obtained from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Temporal trends in means (and relative frequencies) were estimated at the gender–age level by best-fitting sample-weighted linear/polynomial regression models, with national trends estimated by a post-stratified population-weighting procedure. Temporal trends in distributional variability were estimated as the ratio of coefficients of variation.ResultsBetween 1998 and 2017 there was a steady, moderate improvement in mean 6MWD (absolute = 45 m (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 43–47); percent = 8.0% (95%CI: 7.6%–8.4%); effect size = 0.51 (95%CI: 0.48–0.54)). Gender- and age-related temporal differences in means were negligible. Variability in 6MWD declined substantially (ratio of coefficients of variation = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.87–0.92), with declines larger for women compared to men, and for 75–79-year-olds compared to 65–74-year-olds. Correspondingly, there were moderate and negligible increases in mean height and mass, respectively, and negligible increases in the percentage who participated in exercise/sport at least 3 days per week and at least 30 min per session.ConclusionThere has been a steady, moderate improvement in mean 6MWD for older Japanese adults since 1998, which is suggestive of corresponding improvements in both functional endurance and health. The substantial decline in variability indicates that the temporal improvement in mean 6MWD was not uniform across the distribution. Trends in 6MWD are probably influenced by corresponding trends in body size and/or participation in exercise/sport.  相似文献   

The conversion of amorphous carbon to graphite     

Francis J. Fitzgerald 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1902,154(5):321-348

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The manufacture and development of carborundum at Niagara Falls     

Francis A. Fitzgerald 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1897

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Description furnished by Mr. Palmer     

MM.H. Fizeau  E. Gounelle 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1850,49(1):61-64

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On the condensation of gases at the surface of solid bodies     

MM.J. Jamin  A. Bertrand 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1838,26(6):405-407

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A direct current bushing transformer     

Alan S. Fitzgerald 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1932,214(6):709-733

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Re-positioning university governance and academic work     

Tanya Fitzgerald 《Journal of educational administration and history》2011,43(3):275-277

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Interrogating orthodox voices: gender,ethnicity and educational leadership     

Tanya Fitzgerald 《School Leadership & Management》2013,33(4):431-444

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Bureaucratic Control or Professional Autonomy?: Performance management in New Zealand schools     

Tanya Fitzgerald  Howard Youngs  Peter Grootenboer 《School Leadership & Management》2013,33(1)

Since 1997 appraisal has been a mandated requirement of New Zealand schools. While the management of teacher performance is not new, schools are increasingly being faced with difficult and complex decisions regarding accountability mechanisms for teacher performance. Moreover, in a climate of school self-management the potential exists for tensions between bureaucratic systems and the professional autonomy of teachers to surface. This article reports on research conducted in 2001 that investigated teachers' perceptions of the bureaucratic and professional approaches to performance management in their schools. In a climate of increasing control of teachers' work and professional activities by the State, results from recent research indicate that school managers have adopted a professional approach to the appraisal of staff. Moreover the involvement of teachers in developing school-level appraisal systems is pinpointed as fundamental to the long-term success of appraisal in New Zealand schools.  相似文献   

Moving Toward Teamwork Through Professional Development Activities     

Meghan M. Fitzgerald  Rachel Theilheimer 《Early Childhood Education Journal》2013,41(2):103-113

This qualitative study of three Head Start Centers analyzed surveys, interviews, and focus group data to determine how education coordinators, teachers, and teacher assistants believed professional development activities could support teamwork at their centers. The researchers sorted data related to teamwork into four categories: knowledge and understanding of teachers’ trajectories, how teachers referred to one another, frequency and quality of communication, and evidence of shared philosophy. A climate of trust, respect, open communication and clear organization emerged as important for the risk taking necessary for teachers to learn together. This climate depended on leadership that was willing to take on challenges, innovate, and make room for teacher autonomy. Teamwork thrived in a program that purposely built relationships among staff through opportunities for communication, the development of a shared philosophy, and the possibility of being known and feeling known by colleagues and supervisors. When administrators solicited and used teachers’ feedback about professional development, the teachers felt themselves a valued part of the teaching community.  相似文献