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71.
The Governance of University Knowledge Transfer: A Critical Review of the Literature 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Universities have long been involved in knowledge transfer activities. Yet the last 30 years have seen major changes in the
governance of university–industry interactions. Knowledge transfer has become a strategic issue: as a source of funding for
university research and (rightly or wrongly) as a policy tool for economic development. Universities vary enormously in the
extent to which they promote and succeed in commercializing academic research. The identification of clear-cut models of governance
for university–industry interactions and knowledge transfer processes is not straightforward. The purpose of this article
is to critically discuss university knowledge transfer models and review the recent developments in the literature on research
collaborations, intellectual property rights and spin-offs, those forms of knowledge transfer that are more formalized and
have been institutionalized in recent years. The article also addresses the role played by university knowledge transfer organizations in promoting commercialization
of research results.
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| Alessandro MuscioEmail: Email: |
72.
Sara Bianchin Monica Favaro Pietro Alessandro Vigato Guido Botticelli Gioia Germani Silvia Botticelli 《Journal of Cultural Heritage》2009,10(3):379-387
The scientific approach to the restoration and monitoring of mural paintings, at S. Girolamo Chapel – SS. Annunziata Church in Florence, is reported as a fruitful example of the synergic collaboration between restorers and scientists in the planning and development of conservative interventions. Before restoration, the painting technique and the state of preservation of the pictorial cycle have been investigated firstly by close examination of the painted surfaces and then by optical and/or SEM-EDS microscopy and μFT-IR spectroscopy on appropriately selected samples. In particular, the original constituent materials and those belonging to subsequent restorations were characterized together with those originating from decay processes. In this mural painting cycle, a peculiar “fresco” technique has been used although an auxiliary binder for pigment distemper has been also employed. The use of this technique, sometimes in an improper way together with uncorrected restoration interventions, are the main responsible of the unsatisfactory state of conservation of many painted areas. Preliminary conservation trials and scientific studies were carried out to design the most convenient restoration intervention and to verify the correctness and non-invasive of the necessary operations. Special attention was devoted to cleaning procedures, continuously monitored by a physico-chemical methodology, mainly based on microinvasive, microscopic and spectroscopic investigations, to evaluate the efficiency, advantages and drawbacks of the proposed cleaning procedures and define the most appropriate ones. Finally, specific decay markers have been recognized, by a comparison of the results obtained from the detached samples with those deriving from artificially aged models, to be used for a correct future monitoring and maintenance of the wall paintings. 相似文献
73.
Federico Y. Fontana Alessandro L. Colosio Daniel A. Keir Juan M. Murias 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(22):2191-2197
We tested the hypothesis that critical intensity in cycling can be determined from a single delta blood lactate in the third minute of a submaximal cycle ergometer trial. Fourteen healthy young men performed four to six constant-power-output trials on a cycle ergometer to the limit of tolerance. Critical intensity was calculated via a linear model and subsequently validated. Lactate was measured at baseline and at 3 min from exercise onset. Delta lactate was the difference between these measures. Based on individual trials, we obtained the delta lactate–% validated critical intensity relationship and thereafter an estimate of critical intensity was computed. Validated and estimated critical intensity were compared by effects sizes, paired-sample t-test and Bland–Altman analysis. Delta lactate was a linear function of the intensity of exercise, expressed as % validated critical intensity (R2 = 0.89). Estimated critical intensity was not different from (d = 0.03, P = 0.98) and highly correlated with (R2 = 0.88) validated critical intensity. The bias between measures was 0.03 W (≠0) with a precision of 7 W. The results suggest that critical intensity in cycling can be accurately and precisely determined from delta lactate during a sub-maximal trial and so provides a practical and valid alternative to direct determination. 相似文献
74.
Alessandro Russo 《Inter-Asia Cultural Studies》2013,14(4):673-682
Abstract In the Chinese Cultural Revolution – the epicenter of the last great political sequence at worldwide level in the 1960s and 1970s – the flashing of unprecedented possibilities of post‐party politics was entangled with the epochal closure of a network of political culture. The Cultural Revolution proves to be extremely refractory to historical investigation because it undoes the established conceptual bridges between history and politics, bridges that all other social sciences crossed for studying politics. Therefore, new theoretical perspectives and new protocols of investigation are required, and not only for those events, but in the last analysis for the study of all political situations. The author discusses three main points for finding a new perspective. First, a basic distinction should be stressed between the intermittent nature of politics – one of the rarest modes of subjectivity, which exist only in singular intellectually inventive sequences – and the structural invariance of the state, despite the incessant historical mutations of its particular forms. Moreover, the relationships between the present state of depoliticization and the previous political situations deserve close analysis. The hypothesis is that the concrete form of the state in a given moment is the hollow imprint of the last great political sequence, or that it is shaped by a reactive de‐politicization. Finally, the declarations and the related behaviors of the actors during the events are the major analytical elements in the study of politics. However, the Cultural Revolution was marked to an unprecedented degree by increasing dissonances and, finally, irremediable ruptures between the processes created by the subjective declarations and the same network of political culture within which they were formulated. 相似文献
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76.
Alessandro Piras Milena Raffi Monica Perazzolo Ivan Malagoli Lanzoni Salvatore Squatrito 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(9):980-987
Microsaccades are important fixation eye movements for visual scene perception. Compared to novices, athletes make fewer fixations of longer duration toward limited interest areas crucial for action prediction. Thus, our aim was to study the microsaccade features during those fixations. Gaze behaviour of expert and novice table tennis players was recorder during a task in which subjects were instructed to predict the direction of the ball after the opponent’s throw. Three interest areas from the opponent’s body and one from the ball trajectory were identified. We analysed correctness of predictions, fixations, microsaccades and saccades to estimate the relationship between eye movements toward interest areas and success in the task. Compared to novices, experts fixated more on hand-racket during forehand and on trunk during backhand drive technique. Longer fixations on hand-racket and trunk were associated with higher microsaccade rate with a narrower directional distribution of them. It probably means that athletes focused their gaze on these small areas, suggesting enhanced attention mainly to them, and fewer consideration for the surrounding regions. We can assume that microsaccade rate and average direction could be related to the salience of interest areas during performance. 相似文献
77.
Alessandro Antonietti Chiara Rasi Ernesto Imperio Marco Sacco 《Education and Information Technologies》2000,5(4):317-327
Students' opinions about the opportunities and the implications of VR in instruction were investigated by administering a questionnaire to humanities and engineering undergraduates. The questionnaire invited participants to rate a series of statements concerning motivation and emotion, skills, cognitive styles, benefits and learning outcomes associated with the use of VR in education. The representation which emerged was internally consistent and articulated into specific dimensions. It was not affected by gender, by the previous use of VR software, or by the knowledge of the main topics concerning the introduction of IT in instruction. Also the direct participation in a training session based on an immersive VR experience did not influence such a representation, which was partially modulated by the kind of course attended by students. 相似文献
78.
This paper examines the relationship between the economic growth of European regions and their knowledge and human capital endowments. The share of adult population with tertiary education and the intensity of R&D expenditures in value-added emerge as the most effective factors enhancing the growth of GDP per capita recorded, during 1995–2002, by the regions belonging to twelve countries of the former EU15. However, while the educational variable is effective for the whole regional set, the impact of R&D is significant only for the regions that are above a given threshold of per capita GDP. Moreover, remarkable disparities arise among the regions of different countries. In particular, only within North European countries there is a significant relationship between regional growth and the intensity of R&D and higher education. The policy implications of both findings are discussed. 相似文献
79.
Valeria Cirillo Arianna Martinelli Alessandro Nuvolari Matteo Tranchero 《Research Policy》2019,48(4):905-922
One of the most significant results of the qualitative literature on national systems of innovation (NSIs) is that different systemic arrangements (i.e. configurations of actors and institutions) can deliver similar levels of innovative performance. Using factor analysis on a novel dataset of 29 quantitative indicators of innovative activities we provide an empirical characterization of the structure of European NSIs over the last ten years. Our results cast doubt on the empirical significance of the “equifinality” of heterogeneous systemic arrangements in the context of NSI. Innovation systems show inherent complexity, which leads to a high level of complementarity among their constituent components and configuration. This result implies that successful innovation policies should be systemic, leaving little flexibility in policy design and scope. 相似文献
80.
Gianfranco Gagliardi Francesco Tedesco Alessandro Casavola 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》2018,355(14):6710-6745
This paper illustrates the derivation of a linear parameter varying (LPV) model approximation of a turbocharged Spark-Ignition (SI) automotive engine and its usage in designing a model-based fault detection and isolation (FDI) scheme. The LPV approximation is derived from a detailed nonlinear mathematical model of the engine on the basis of the well known Jacobian approach. The resulting LPV representation is then exploited for synthesizing a bank of LPV-FDI Luenberger observers. Each observer is in charge of detecting a particular class of fault and is designed for having low sensitivity to all other exogenous inputs so as to allow an effective fault isolation. The adopted FDI scheme is gain-scheduled and exploits a set of engine variables, assumed to be measurable on-line, as a scheduling parameters. The goodness of the LPV approximation of the engine model and the effectiveness of the LPV-FDI architecture are demonstrated by several numerical simulations. 相似文献