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31.
Pedagogical Agents as Learning Companions: The Role of Agent Competency and Type of Interaction 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yanghee Kim Amy L. Baylor 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2006,54(3):223-243
This study was designed to examine the effects of the competency (low vs. high) and interaction type (proactive vs. responsive)
of pedagogical agents as learning companions (PALs) on learning, self-efficacy, and attitudes. Participants were 72 undergraduates
in an introductory computer-literacy course who were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: Low-Proactive, Low-Responsive,
High-Proactive, and High-Responsive. Results indicated a main effect for PAL competency. Students who worked with the high-competency
PAL in both proactive and responsive conditions achieved higher scores in applying what they had learned and showed more positive
attitudes toward the PAL. However, students who worked with the low-competency PAL reported significantly enhanced self-efficacy
beliefs in the learning tasks. Also, there was a main effect far PAL interaction type. A proactive PAL had a significantly
positive impact on recall. These different results on learning and motivational outcomes suggest that the competency and interaction
type of a PAL should be designed according to the desired learning and motivational goals. 相似文献
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34.
The Effect of Hearing Impairment on the Quality of Attachment and Mother-Toddler Interaction 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In the present study, 41 hearing impaired and 41 hearing toddlers together with their hearing mothers were observed in Ainsworth's Strange Situation and during free play. Both security of attachment and ratings of maternal and toddler behavior during free play were remarkably similar for the hearing impaired and hearing dyads. In addition, security of attachment was related to the ratings of maternal and toddler behavior in a similar way for the hearing impaired and hearing toddlers. The results suggest that development of a secure attachment and maintaining a good mother-toddler relationship does not depend on normal language development during the toddler years. 相似文献
35.
The recognition of facial expressions in the first two years of life: mechanisms of development 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
C A Nelson 《Child development》1987,58(4):889-909
In recent years the infant's ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion has attracted considerable attention from developmental psychologists. The rationale guiding much of this research has been that this ability plays an important role in later socioemotional development. In the present article, the research relating to this topic is reviewed and synthesized. It is concluded that the recognition of facial expressions develops slowly over the first 2 years of life, and that even at the end of the second year the infant's understanding of facial expressions is still quite rudimentary. Following this review is a discussion of 2 unresolved issues regarding the development of this ability. 1 issue relates to the biological/experimental basis on which the ability to recognize facial expressions develops. Research with primates is brought to bear on this point, and useful analogues with human infants are sought. From this research it is suggested that a component of the ability to recognize facial expressions is unlearned, although experience of some as yet undetermined nature affects this biological readiness. The second issue relates to the possible neurological mechanisms that mediate this ability. Research with primates, normal adults, and brain damaged adults is used to support the speculation that a posterior region of the right hemisphere is responsible for mediating the recognition of facial expressions. 相似文献
36.
This longitudinal study examined how separation and family conflict mediated the effects of two acculturation variables (English language use and generational status) on substance use (alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use) and deviant behavior outcomes in a Mexican American high school age sample. Structural equation modeling indicated that separation was a significant mediator of the relationship between acculturation and alcohol use, tobacco use, and deviant behavior. Family conflict mediated the effects of acculturation on marijuana use and deviant behavior. Model comparisons across gender groups suggested that generational status was an influential acculturation measure for females but not males. Additionally, English language use maintained a direct effect on marijuana use among females, whereas this relationship was mediated by separation for males. 相似文献
37.
A consumer advocate, two childbirth educators, and a certified nurse-midwife each provide commentary on the effectiveness of and potential uses for the Evidence Basis for the Ten Steps of Mother-Friendly Care. 相似文献
38.
Subtypes, severity, and structural stability of peer victimization: what does latent class analysis say? 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
This study uses latent class analysis (LCA) to empirically identify victimization groups during middle school. Approximately 2,000 urban, public middle school students (mean age in sixth grade = 11.57) reported on their peer victimization during the Fall and Spring semesters of their sixth, seventh, and eighth grades. Independent LCA analyses at each semester yielded 3 victim classes based on victimization degree rather than type (e.g., physical vs. relational). The most victimized class always represented the smallest proportion of the sample, decreasing from 20% in sixth grade to 6% by the end of eighth grade. This victimized class also always reported feeling less safe at school concurrently and more depressed than others 1 semester later, illustrating the validity of the LCA approach. 相似文献
39.
Vaughan Van Hecke A Mundy PC Acra CF Block JJ Delgado CE Parlade MV Meyer JA Neal AR Pomares YB 《Child development》2007,78(1):53-69
Infant joint attention has been observed to be related to social-emotional outcomes in at-risk children. To address whether this relation is also evident in typically developing children, 52 children were tested at 12, 15, 24, and 30 months to examine associations between infant joint attention and social outcomes. Twelve-month initiating and responding to joint attention were related to 30-month social competence and externalizing behavior, even when accounting for 15-month temperament ratings, 24-month cognition and language, and demographic variables. These results suggest that, in addition to associations with language and cognition, infant joint attention reflects robust aspects of development that are related to individual differences in the emergence of social and behavioral competence in childhood. 相似文献
40.
This article examines how 31 triads of 6- to 10-year-old children from 3 cultural backgrounds organized their interactions while folding Origami figures. Triads of children whose families had immigrated to the United States from indigenous heritage regions of México (and whose mothers averaged only 7 grades of schooling) coordinated more often as an ensemble, whereas triads of European heritage U.S. children whose mothers had extensive schooling more often engaged dyadically or individually. When the European heritage children did engage as an ensemble, this often involved chatting rather than nonverbal conversation regarding folding, which was more common among the Mexican heritage children. Mexican heritage U.S. triads whose mothers had extensive schooling showed an intermediate pattern or resembled the European heritage children. 相似文献