Explicit Theory of Mind Is Even More Unified Than Previously Assumed: Belief Ascription and Understanding Aspectuality Emerge Together in Development          下载免费PDF全文

Hannes Rakoczy  Delia Bergfeld  Ina Schwarz  Ella Fizke 《Child development》2015,86(2):486-502

Existing evidence suggests that children, when they first pass standard theory‐of‐mind tasks, still fail to understand the essential aspectuality of beliefs and other propositional attitudes: such attitudes refer to objects only under specific aspects. Oedipus, for example, believes Yocaste (his mother) is beautiful, but this does not imply that he believes his mother is beautiful. In three experiments, 3‐ to 6‐year‐olds' (N = 119) understanding of aspectuality was tested with a novel, radically simplified task. In contrast to all previous findings, this task was as difficult as and highly correlated with a standard false belief task. This suggests that a conceptual capacity more unified than previously assumed emerges around ages 4–5, a full‐fledged metarepresentational scheme of propositional attitudes.  相似文献   

Developmental and compensatory play: a means of facilitating social, emotional, cognitive, and linguistic growth in deaf children     

F H Sisco  P L Kranz  N L Lund  G C Schwarz 《American annals of the deaf》1979,124(7):850-857

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Perceived interplay between flexible learning spaces and teaching,learning and student wellbeing     

Katharina E. Kariippanon  Dylan P. Cliff  Sarah L. Lancaster  Anthony D. Okely  Anne-Maree Parrish 《Learning Environments Research》2018,21(3):301-320

In recognition of the evolving learning needs of twenty-first century school students, changes to teaching practices and the incorporation of technology are increasingly accompanied by modifications to the built classroom environment. Typically rows of desk and chairs are replaced with a range of furniture that can be configured in various ways to facilitate teaching and learning. This article explores the perceived relationship between these flexible learning spaces and teaching, learning and wellbeing outcomes. The perceptions and experiences of 12 school principals, 35 teachers and 85 students from four primary and four secondary schools in Australia were examined. Flexible learning spaces were reported to facilitate student-centred pedagogy and selfregulation, collaboration, and student autonomy and engagement. Modified spaces were reportedly more enjoyable, comfortable and inclusive and allowed greater interaction. The findings are discussed in light of Beaton’s five key design principles of student-centred learning environments to explore the connection between the physical classroom environment and teaching and learning. Self-Determination Theory is used to interpret how elements of the physical space facilitate the creation of a social environment that encourages greater motivation to learn and increases student wellbeing. The research contributes to an understanding of how flexible learning spaces are used and with what effect, thereby addressing a present gap in the literature.  相似文献   

Argumentation for Learning: Well-Trodden Paths and Unexplored Territories     

Christa S. C. Asterhan  Baruch B. Schwarz 《教育心理学家》2016,51(2):164-187

There is increasing consensus among psycho-educational scholars about argumentation as a means to improve student knowledge and understanding of subject matter. In this article, we argue that, notwithstanding a strong theoretical rationale, causal evidence is not abundant, definitions of the objects of study (argumentation, learning) are often not well defined, and the variance in research methods is large. We argue that we systematically review the available research evidence by mapping it on the Argumentation For Learning research framework, which specifies the different antecedents, dialogue characteristics, and learning outcomes of argumentation. In doing so, we identify claims that are supported with substantive empirical evidence and demonstrate which questions are still open to further empirical examination. We also uncover several promising, relatively unexplored venues for future research.  相似文献   

Learning practices and development in yeshivas: historical,social, and cultural perspectives     

Schwarz  Baruch B.  Bekerman  Zvi 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2021,36(4):1181-1198

European Journal of Psychology of Education - Although the yeshiva is the housekeeper of the Jewish tradition of learning, it has undergone dramatic changes along history. We describe these changes...  相似文献   

Attitudes, Behaviors, and Reasons for Changing Responses Following Answer-Changing Instruction   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Robert F. McMorris  Lawrence P. DeMers  Shirley P. Schwarz 《Journal of Educational Measurement》1987,24(2):131-143

Contrary to the adage warning against changing test answers, mean gain from changing has been an invariant research finding. Consistency of this gain was tested for students instructed about the research results, and composition of the gain was analyzed by examining the students' reasons for changing. Students in six graduate measurement classes instructed about the answer-changing literature responded to three exams and a questionnaire. Mean gain remained positive and consistent with gain for previously studied uninstructed groups; amount of change was also stable. "Rethinking the item and conceptualizing a better answer" was the most frequent reason given for changing. "Rereading the item and better understanding the question" was the second most cited reason, followed by "rereading/rethinking" combined, and "making a clerical error." For each frequently used reason, wrong-to-right (WR) changes were in the majority. Implications for research and practice are discussed.  相似文献   

Impact of model-based science curriculum and instruction on elementary students' explanations for the hydrosphere     

Ben Baumfalk  Devarati Bhattacharya  Tina Vo  Cory Forbes  Laura Zangori  Christina Schwarz 《科学教学研究杂志》2019,56(5):570-597

Developing scientific literacy about water systems is critical for K-12 students. However, even with opportunities to build knowledge about the hydrosphere in elementary classrooms, early learners may struggle to understand the water cycle (Forbes et al., 2015 ; Gunckel et al., 2012 ; Zangori et al., 2015 ; Zangori et al., 2017 ). Scientific modeling affords opportunities for students to develop representations, make their ideas visible, and generate model-based explanations for complex natural systems like the water cycle. This study describes a comprehensive evaluation of a 5-year, design-based research project focused on the development, implementation, revision, and testing of an enhanced, model-centered version of the Full Option Science System (FOSS) Water (2005) unit in third grade classrooms. Here, we build upon our previous work (Forbes et al., 2015 a; b; Vo et al., 2015 ; Zangori et al., 2015 ; Zangori et al., 2017 ) by conducting a comparative analysis of student outcomes in two sets of classrooms: (1) one implementing the modeling-enhanced version of the FOSS Water unit developed by the research team (n = 6), and 2) another using the standard, unmodified version of the same curricular unit (n = 5). Results demonstrate that teachers in both conditions implemented the two versions of the curriculum with relative fidelity. On average, students exposed to the modeling-enhanced version of the curriculum showed greater gains in their model-based explanations for the hydrosphere. Engagement in scientific modeling allowed students to articulate hydrologic phenomena by (1) identifying various elements that constitute the hydrosphere, (2) describing how these elements influenced the movement of water in the hydrosphere, and (3) demonstrating underlying processes that govern the movement of water in the hydrosphere.  相似文献   

When is less more? Investigating gap-filling in proofs without words activities     

Marco  Nadav  Palatnik  Alik  Schwarz  Baruch B. 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2022,110(2):271-290

Educational Studies in Mathematics - Visuospatial representations of numbers and their relationships are widely used in mathematics education. These include drawn images, models constructed with...  相似文献   

Conceptual change within dyadic interactions: the dance of conceptual and material agency     

Einat Heyd-Metzuyanim  Baruch B. Schwarz 《Instructional Science》2017,45(5):645-677

We offer a new approach to emergent knowledge in processes of conceptual change in dyadic interaction by drawing on Pickering’s (The Mangle of Practice, The University of Chicago Press, London, 1995) Mangle of Practice theory, which theorizes the emergence of new scientific knowledge as occurring due to material resistance and human accommodations to such resistance. We use Commognition (Sfard in Thinking as communicating, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2008), which conceptualizes learning as a change in discourse, and conceptual change as change in meta-discursive rules, to examine the interaction between several dyads working on proportional reasoning tasks. These dyads were selected for close scrutiny based on a large previous experimental study designed to examine the most productive constellation for pairing students of different levels with or without a hypothesis testing device. The Mangle helps us theorize the emergent, unpredictable aspects of learning and conceptual change. We provide three criteria for examining the productivity of the interaction: Availability of an alternative discourse (proportional vs. additive), Resistance of material/disciplinary agency and Positioning of students to make meta-discursive shifts. We discuss this model as an aid for monitoring and designing learning situations that enhance conceptual change.  相似文献   

Professional development of mathematics teachers toward the facilitation of small-group collaboration     

Michal Tabach  Baruch B. Schwarz 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2018,97(3):273-298

Collaborative work in small groups is often a suitable context for yielding substantial individual learning outcomes. Indeed, small-group collaboration has recently become an educational goal rather than a means. Yet, this goal is difficult to attain, and students must be taught how to learn together. In this paper, we focus on how to prepare teachers to become facilitators of small-group collaboration. The current case study monitors a group of six prospective teachers and their instructor during a one-semester course. The instructor was a skilled mathematics teacher with strong beliefs about what is entailed in establishing a mini-culture of learning to learn together and about how to facilitate student group work in problem-solving situations. We describe the learning path followed by the instructor, including the digital environment. The findings show that by the end of the course, the students became more competent facilitators of learning to learn together.  相似文献