Identifying Essential Epistemic Heuristics for Guiding Mechanistic Reasoning in Science Learning     

Christina Krist  Christina V. Schwarz  Brian J. Reiser 《学习科学杂志》2019,28(2):160-205

Mechanistic reasoning, or reasoning systematically through underlying factors and relationships that give rise to phenomena, is a powerful thinking strategy that allows one to explain and make predictions about phenomena. This article synthesizes and builds on existing frameworks to identify essential characteristics of students’ mechanistic reasoning across scientific content areas. We argue that these characteristics can be represented as epistemic heuristics, or ideas about how to direct one’s intellectual work, that implicitly guide mechanistic reasoning. We use this framework to characterize middle school students’ written explanatory accounts of two phenomena in different science content areas using these heuristics. We demonstrate evidence of heuristics in students’ accounts and show that the use of the heuristics was related to but distinct from science content knowledge. We describe how the heuristics allowed us to characterize and compare the mechanistic sophistication of account construction across science content areas. This framework captures elements of a crosscutting practical epistemology that may support students in directing the construction of mechanistic accounts across content areas over time, and it allows us to characterize that progress.  相似文献   

Piracy and Social Change: Roundtable Discussion     

Jonas Andersson Schwarz  Patrick Burkart  Patricia Aufderheide  Peter Jaszi  Christopher Kelty  Gabriella Coleman 《Popular Communication》2015,13(1):87-99

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Piracy and Social Change     

Jonas Andersson Schwarz  Patrick Burkart 《Popular Communication》2015,13(1):1-5

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European policies on space science and technology 1960–1978     

Michiel Schwarz 《Research Policy》1979,8(3):204-243

This paper discusses the key political issues involved in current and past attempts to come to a common European space programme. The history of European space policy has been characterised by different perceived interests on the national level. In the 1960s financial and above all political problems shattered the ideal of a unified Europe, and European collaboration in space largely failed. Political disagreement — particularly between the three main European space nations, France, F.R. Germany and the United Kingdom — continued into the 1970s. Finally, a renewed attempt for European technological cooperation was made by the setting up of the European Space Agency. Since its creation, in 1974, Europe's space policy has again been facing political uncertainty. As a result of the divergence of national interests and of inappropriate industrial policies at the European level, Europe is now unable to cope with the reality of competitive space markets (satellites, launchers, ground equipment, tracking stations, etc.). If Europe is to become competitive in the commercial space market, industrial policies will have to be altered — with possible profound consequences for the structure and existence of the European Space Agency. If, alternatively, political disagreements about joint European programmes are not resolved, and if Europe as a consequence fails to make a (already late) start in the commercial space sector, the consequences may be far-reaching. The European countries may then either revert to separate national (or bilateral) programmes or become largely dependent on outside suppliers for space technology products. Europe may thus find itself without any share of the world space market.  相似文献   

Bottom-up estimation of industrial and public R&D investment by technology in support of policy-making: The case of selected low-carbon energy technologies     

Tobias Wiesenthal  Guillaume LeducKarel Haegeman  Hans-Günther Schwarz 《Research Policy》2012,41(1):116-131

This paper discusses a bottom-up approach to estimate the level of R&D investment by technology in areas where data are scarce. It develops a four-step methodology for the estimation of corporate R&D investments at technology level. This approach can overcome gaps in existing data by combining publicly available information in a novel way, even though it introduces some uncertainty. This is illustrated for a set of low-carbon energy technologies that were identified as key for meeting Europe's long-term energy and climate objectives by the European Strategic Energy Technology Plan. The paper finds that the aggregated R&D investments dedicated to these technologies amounted to €3.3 billion in the EU in 2007, including public funding from European Union Member States and at EU-level, and industrial research activities from companies with headquarters registered in the EU. The results allow conclusions on the European energy research policy to be drawn, such as the dominance of industrial funds, and have provided significant input to the European policy making in this field. The paper ends with suggestions on how to further enhance the accuracy of the approach and how to widen its application to other sectors.  相似文献   

Compensating tendencies in penalty kick decisions of referees in professional football: evidence from the German Bundesliga 1963-2006     

Schwarz W 《Journal of sports sciences》2011,29(5):441-447

Using a large representative database (12,902 matches from the top professional football league in Germany), I show that the number (441) of two-penalty matches is larger than expected by chance, and that among these 441 matches there are considerably more matches in which each team is awarded one penalty than would be expected on the basis of independent penalty kick decisions (odds ratio = 11.2, relative risk = 6.34). Additional analyses based on the score in the match before a penalty is awarded and on the timing of penalties, suggest that awarding a first penalty to one team raises the referee's penalty evidence criterion for the same team, and lowers the corresponding criterion for the other team.  相似文献   

E-Moderation of Synchronous Discussions in Educational Settings: A Nascent Practice     

Baruch B. Schwarz  Christa S. Asterhan 《学习科学杂志》2013,22(3):395-442

E-moderation has been a common practice in asynchronous discussions of postsecondary courses. We consider here e-moderation of synchronous discussions in the school context. We adopt a design research approach to elaborate an environment, the Argunaut system, that fits the reality of classrooms in which moderation of several small-group synchronous discussions in parallel is desirable. We describe the Argunaut system and then describe an experiment in which a moderator could elaborate several strategies in 2 synchronous discussions (1 with 2 groups in parallel and 1 with 4 groups in parallel). Through the technique of cued retrospective reporting, we could identify those strategies and could show how technology and moderation are interwoven. We then assessed whether the actions of the moderator had some positive impact on the flow of the discussions. The positive findings that emerge from this study indicate that teachers can enact this novel practice in classrooms, enabling by such proper guidance for productive engagement in the synchronous discussions of many students in the same class.  相似文献   

Mobilitätskonzept in Sporttherapie und -wissenschaft     

Christian Kaczmarek  Markus Schwarz  Georg Wydra 《Sportwissenschaft》2016,46(4):268-274

The international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF) is a concept developed for the healthcare sector by the World Health Organization, which considers the health problems of a person with respect to functional ability, impairments and context factors. Mobility is an important basic functional element, central health criterion and an important prerequisite for participation in social life. In addition to all routinely relevant daily movements (e.g. walking, lifting and carrying), activities at the workplace and sport-related activities are also taken into consideration. Because mobility is internationally established as a central criterion of health by the World Health Organization, this results in a series of interesting connecting factors from sport scientific and kinesthesiological perspectives: movement is the central object of kinesthesiology and exercise therapy. Mobility is of exceptional importance for human existence and dealing with the world at large. Analogous to the discussion on basic motor competences with respect to compatibility in educational sciences, utilization of the ICF can be the basis for a common language in the medical-therapeutic milieu. The orientation to mobility allows the targets, contents and methods of exercise therapy to be addressed for the context-related importance in individual cases. This article presents possible perspectives for sport scientific disciplines, sport and exercise therapy with respect to mobility. The importance of mobility for health is emphasized and the relevance is discussed based on the development of diagnostic procedures and application of therapy.  相似文献   

The role of contradiction and uncertainty in promoting the need to prove in Dynamic Geometry environments     

Nurit Hadas  Rina Hershkowitz  Baruch B. Schwarz 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2000,44(1-3):127-150

In many geometrical problems, students can feel that the universalityof a conjectured attribute of a figure is validated by their action in adynamic geometry environment. In contrast, students generally do not feelthat deductive explanations strengthen their conviction that a geometricalfigure has a given attribute. In order to cope with students' convictionbased on empirical experience only and to create a need for deductiveexplanations, we developed a collection of innovative activities intended tocause surprise and uncertainty. In this paper we describe two activities, thatled students to contradictions between conjectures and findings. We analyzethe conjectures, working methods, and explanations given by the studentswhen faced with the contradictions that arose.This revised version was published online in September 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Pump Early,Pump Often: A Continuous Quality Improvement Project     

Diane L. Spatz  Elizabeth B. Froh  Jessica Schwarz  Kathy Houng  Isabel Brewster  Carey Myers  Judy Prince  Michelle Olkkola 《The Journal of perinatal education》2015,24(3):160-170

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