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The current transformation of communication policies, as governments turn to the marketplace as the driver of network evolution, requires a redefinition of universal service. The debate so far has focused primarily on the elaboration of new funding mechanisms and the definition of which services should be covered. We argue that a more fundamental, third area demands attention: the articulation of a new rationale for universal service itself. Without articulating a clear justification for universal service, designing its scope and funding mechanisms is problematic at best. Past justifications rested on welfare (make telephony affordable to all) and network externalities (increase the network?s value by widening its reach). Increasingly, these need to be complemented by a new rationale based on the innovative potential of universal service. This article explores how universal service can fuel innovation-driven economic growth. 相似文献
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Christian Gouët Annemarie Van Paassen 《The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension》2013,19(4):369-385
Abstract Purpose: This article explores the views of Smallholder Marketing Cooperatives’ (SMCs) leaders and staff, to gain insight about the particular roles SMCs play in facilitating smallholders’ market access. Design/methodology/approach: The authors conceptualized and executed two international workshops in which participants from 42 SMCs from 24 countries deliberated their lessons learned from real-life experiences. Findings: Participants defined three core issues to be tackled by SMCs to play their role related to facilitating their members’ market access: good FO governance and management; access to capital and networking. They highlighted that smallholders’ market access improves not only as a result of SMCs networking and negotiation with key actors in the public and private sectors, but also due to improved interrelationships among SMCs and other types of Farmers’ Organizations (FOs). Peer-to-peer relationships with other SMCs are critical for mutual learning, collaboration and collective action. Practical implications: Peer-to-peer relationships among SMCs are crucial for them to overcome the internal and external social dilemmas SMCs are bound to face while improving smallholders’ market access. This goes beyond the three kinds of relationships that scholars have pointed out thus far needed for effective FO development (relationships with members; the public sector and civil society; and with market players). This can be promoted and supported by development programmes. Originality/value: Most SMC studies concentrate primarily on their efficiency in production and marketing activities. This research proposes looking beyond this perspective, using a qualitative approach to explore the real-life experiences and views of actors involved. 相似文献
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Annemarie Bauer 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1986,32(1):33-53
Zusammenfassung In dem folgenden Artikel wird eine These aufgegriffen, die das Scheitern der Schule in Afrika aus der Unvereinbarkeit von schulischen Erziehungszielen und traditionaler afrikanischer Erziehung während der Kindheit zu erklären versucht. Die Vertreter dieser These bedienen sich des psychoanalytischen Modells der Entwicklung eines Kindes und versuchen, Diskrepanzen zwischen der frustrationsfreien, gewährenden Erziehung während der Kindheit und der triebunterdrückenden Erziehung in und Sozialisation durch die Schule her vorzustellen. Hier werden nun Ergebnisse anderer ethnologischer Untersuchungen diskutiert und eine neue Interpretation des ethnopsychoanalytischen Materials versucht. Weder kann die Einschätzung afrikanischer Kindheit noch die These, Schule bringe völlig neue Verhaltenserwartungen, z.B. Leistungsforderungen mit sich, aufrecht erhalten werden. Zum Schluß werden einige andere Erklärungen für die Schwierigkeiten der Schule in Afrika angeboten.
Summary This article expounds the theory that the failure of school is due to the incompatibility of the educational goals of school and traditional upbringing in Africa. The thesis is put forward by adherents of the psychoanalytical model of child development and seeks to emphasize the discrepancies between the childhood where children are not frustrated and where their needs are cared for and the school education which represses the drives and its socialization of children. Finding a number of anthropological studies are discussed and reinterpretations of the ethno-psychoanalytical materials attempted. Neither the evaluation of childhood in Africa nor the theory that with school come wholly new expectations of behaviour (e.g., a performance requirement) can no longer be maintained. In conclusion, other explanations for the difficulties encountered by school in Africa are offered.
Résumé On expose dans cet article la théorie selon laquelle l'échec de l'école serait dû à l'incompatibilité des objectifs éducatifs de l'école et de l'éducation traditionnelle en Afrique. Cette thèse est soutenue par des représentants du modèle psychoanalytique du développement de l'enfant et cherche à souligner l'opposition entre l'éducation libérale sans frustrations reçue au cours de l'enfance et l'éducation opprimante de l'école et sa socialisation des enfants. On examine les résultats de plusieurs études anthropologiques et l'on tente de réinterpréter les matériels ethno-psychoanalytiques: ni l'évaluation de l'enfance africaine ni la théorie selon laquelle l'école permettrait d'attendre de nouveaux comportements (ou de nouvelles exigences de performance) ne peuvent être maintenues plus longtemps. Pour finir, on donne quelques explications supplémentaires des difficultés que connaissent les écoles africaines.相似文献
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Anna Maria Arias Elizabeth A. Davis John-Carlos Marino Sylvie M. Kademian Annemarie Sullivan Palincsar 《International Journal of Science Education》2016,38(9):1504-1526
New reform documents underscore the importance of integrating science practices into the learning of science. This integration requires sophisticated teaching that does not often happen. Educative curriculum materials – materials explicitly designed to support teacher and student learning – have been posited as a way to support teachers to achieve these ambitious goals, yet little is known about how elementary teachers actually use educative curriculum materials to support student engagement in science practices. To address this gap, this study investigated how five upper elementary teachers supported students to engage in science practices during an enactment of two curriculum units. Three of the teachers had units enhanced with educative features, informed by current research and reforms, while two of the teachers had units without these features. The teachers varied in how they supported students in the science practices of justifying predictions, constructing evidence-based claims, recording observations, and planning investigations. For example, some of the teachers with the educative features supported students in constructing evidence-based claims and justifying predictions in ways called for by the educative features. Implications for curriculum developers and teacher educators are discussed based on the patterns found in the teachers’ use of the educative curriculum materials. 相似文献
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Vincent C. Alfonso Annemarie Johnson Lilia Patinella Damon E. Rader 《Psychology in the schools》1998,35(2):119-125
Sixty WISC-III protocols, administered by graduate students in training, were examined to obtain preliminary data on the frequency and types of administration and scoring errors that examinees commit. Results were compared with previous studies that have evaluated examiner errors on the Wechsler scales. In general, the present results were consistent with those of previous studies that have illustrated that a large number of scoring errors are committed by graduate students as well as by other professional groups. The majority of errors committed by participants in this study were general errors. That is, errors were not specific to a particular subtest. The five most frequent errors included failure to query, failure to record responses verbatim, reporting Full Scale IQ incorrectly, reporting Verbal IQ incorrectly, and adding individual subtest scores incorrectly. However, the traditional difficult to score Verbal subtests were not as troublesome for examiners in this study as they were for examiners in previous studies. In addition, significant decreases in the mean number of errors per protocol and in the number of most frequently occurring errors per protocol were noted. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
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Lori E. Skibbe Annemarie H. Hindman Carol M. Connor Michelle Housey Frederick J. Morrison 《Early education and development》2013,24(5):687-703
Research Findings: A difficulty for developmental researchers is disambiguating children's general maturation from the influence of schooling. In this study, we use a natural experiment to examine the influence of prekindergarten and kindergarten schooling experiences on the development of literacy and mathematics. Children (n = 60) whose birthdates fell within 2 months of the state-determined cutoff date for prekindergarten and kindergarten entry were administered 4 subtests of the Woodcock–Johnson III Tests of Achievement in the fall and spring of the school year. Using hierarchical linear modeling coupled with propensity score matching, we found that children who were starting kindergarten and who had prior experience in prekindergarten had higher scores on measures of phonological awareness, early reading, and mathematics skills than did children who had not attended prekindergarten previously, even though they were essentially the same age. Fall vocabulary scores did not differ in relation to whether children had prekindergarten experience. In addition, although children who attended kindergarten as well as those who attended prekindergarten exhibited growth on all measures during the school year, children who attended kindergarten demonstrated greater gains in early reading and vocabulary during the school year. Practice or Policy: These findings highlight the potential of early schooling processes to facilitate children's intellectual growth. 相似文献
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Annemarie H. Hindman Barbara A. Wasik Amber C. Erhart 《Early education and development》2013,24(4):451-474
This study examined the ways in which the language that Head Start teachers used during book reading, as well as the extent to which they made explicit connections between book reading and other instructional activities, were linked to preschoolers' vocabulary development. Participants included 10 Head Start teachers and 153 children in their classrooms. Research Findings: Analyses revealed that teachers varied substantially in the frequency and nature of their book-related remarks, and connections between books and the broader curriculum were relatively few in number and constrained in nature. On average, children learned more words over the course of the year when teachers used more contextualized and decontextualized talk during book readings. Contextualized book-related talk was most positively associated with learning among children with relatively low initial vocabulary knowledge. Too few connections between book reading and the curriculum were observed to afford analysis of their contributions to children's vocabulary skills. Practice or Policy: The findings show the nuanced ways in which shared book reading, a critical part of the preschool day, is linked to vocabulary growth among the nation's most vulnerable learners. The results also highlight potential avenues through which readings could be strategically individualized to optimize early vocabulary development. 相似文献
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