A Review of the Cross-Cultural Equivalence of Frequently used Personality Inventories     

Jér?me?RossierEmail author 《International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance》2005,5(2):175-188

Personality inventories are frequently used for career guidance. Some should theoretically depend on cultural context, while others are supposed to be universal. The cross-cultural equivalence is only partial for culture-dependent models, as the locus of control. Concerning models that are supposed to be universal like the one proposed by Cattell or the Five-Factor Model, a partial and a full structural equivalence are, respectively observed. The extent of the scalar equivalence is difficult to assess indicating that more studies should be conducted to understand how culture affects processes underlying the evaluation of personality.

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Résumé. Un examen de l’équivalence transculturelle de plusieurs inventaires de personnalité fréquemment utilisés Les inventaires de personnalité sont fréquemment employés en orientation professionnelle. Certains devraient théoriquement dépendre du contexte culturel, alors que d’autres sont censés être universels. Pour les modèles qui dépendent de la culture, comme le lieu de contrôle, l’équivalence transculturelle est seulement partielle. Pour ce qui concerne les modèles qui sont censés être universels, comme celui proposé par Cattell ou comme le Modèle à Cinq Facteurs, on observe une équivalence structurale respectivement partielle et totale. Il est difficile d’évaluer l’ampleur de l’équivalence des échelles, ce qui montre que davantage d’études devraient être entreprises pour comprendre comment la culture affecte les processus sous-tendant l’évaluation de la personnalité.Zusammenfassung. Eine Betrachtung der interkulturellen Entsprechungen einiger häufig verwendeter Pesönlichkeits-Inventarien Persönlichkeits-Inventarien werden in er Berufsberatung häufig verwendet. Einige sollten theoretisch von kulturellen Kontexten abhängig sein, während andere als universell betrachtet werden. Die interkulturelle Vergleichbarkeit für kulturabhängige Modelle, wie etwa der Kontrollüberzeugung, besteht nur teilweise. Im Hinblick auf Modelle, die universell sein sollen wie das von Cattell vorgeschlagene Modell oder das Fünf-Faktoren-Modell, können sowohl partielle als auch vollstrukturelle Entsprechungen vorgefunden werden. Das Ausmaß er graduellen Entsprechungen ist kaum zu bewerten, was darauf hinweist, dass weitere Untersuchungen zu der Frage durchgeführt werden sollten in welcher Weise die Kultur diejenigen Prozesse beeinflusst, die der Beurteilung der Persönlichkeit zu Grunde liegen.Resumen. Revisión de la equivalencia cross-cultural de diversos inventarios de personalidad frecuentemente utilizados Los inventarios de personalidad suelen usarse con frecuencia en la orientación para la carrera. Algunos deberían depender teóricamente del contexto cultural, mientras que otros se supone que son universales. La equivalencia cross-cultural sólo es parcial en los modelos dependientes de la cultura, como el locus of control. Respecto a los modelos supuestamente universales como el propuesto por Cattell, o el Modelo de Cinco Factores, se observa una equivalencia parcial y una equivalencia total estructural respectivamente. El grado de la equivalencia escalar es difícil de medir, lo que indica que deberían realizarse más estudios de este tipo para entender cómo la cultura afecta a los procesos subyacentes en la evaluación de la personalidad.

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Protein and cell patterning in closed polymer channels by photoimmobilizing proteins on photografted poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate     

Esben Kj?r Unmack Larsen  Morten Bo Lindholm Mikkelsen  Niels B. Larsen 《Biomicrofluidics》2014,8(6)

Definable surface chemistry is essential for many applications of microfluidic polymer systems. However, small cross-section channels with a high surface to volume ratio enhance passive adsorption of molecules that depletes active molecules in solution and contaminates the channel surface. Here, we present a one-step photochemical process to coat the inner surfaces of closed microfluidic channels with a nanometer thick layer of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), well known to strongly reduce non-specific adsorption, using only commercially available reagents in an aqueous environment. The coating consists of PEG diacrylate (PEGDA) covalently grafted to polymer surfaces via UV light activation of the water soluble photoinitiator benzoyl benzylamine, a benzophenone derivative. The PEGDA coating was shown to efficiently limit the adsorption of antibodies and other proteins to <5% of the adsorbed amount on uncoated polymer surfaces. The coating could also efficiently suppress the adhesion of mammalian cells as demonstrated using the HT-29 cancer cell line. In a subsequent equivalent process step, protein in aqueous solution could be anchored onto the PEGDA coating in spatially defined patterns with a resolution of <15 μm using an inverted microscope as a projection lithography system. Surface patterns of the cell binding protein fibronectin were photochemically defined inside a closed microfluidic device that was initially homogeneously coated by PEGDA. The resulting fibronectin patterns were shown to greatly improve cell adhesion compared to unexposed areas. This method opens for easy surface modification of closed microfluidic systems through combining a low protein binding PEG-based coating with spatially defined protein patterns of interest.  相似文献   

A right to be heard: learning from learners with additional needs in literacy     

Thérèse McPhillips  Michael Shevlin  Louise Long 《Literacy》2012,46(2):59-66

This study aimed to explore the consultation experiences of pupils who have additional needs in literacy. An opportunistic sample of eight schools – four in Northern Ireland and four in the Republic of Ireland – were chosen by the researchers; selected pupils were receiving additional literacy support. Focus group discussions and arts‐based creative methodologies were used through which visual and verbal stimuli supported and extended the narratives of the children. The findings showed that pupils have a capacity for self‐reflection and metacognitive talk around literacy. They had a keen awareness of their specific difficulties and the reading strategies they use. However, they wished for greater choice in how literacy support is organised and for more information about individual reading targets and scores. There was a great desire among pupils for consultation at meetings concerning their progress. Involving pupils in planning and evaluating their literacy learning needs as a fundamental right raises questions about teachers’ current protectiveness of pupils with additional needs.  相似文献   

Young children's adaptive partner choice in cooperation and competition contexts     

Sebastian Grueneisen  Georgina Török  Anushari Wathiyage Don  Azzurra Ruggeri 《Child development》2024,95(3):1023-1031

Choosing adequate partners is essential for cooperation, but how children calibrate their partner choice to specific social challenges is unknown. In two experiments, 4- to 7-year-olds (N = 189, 49% girls, mostly White, data collection: 03.2021–09.2022) were presented with partners in possession of different positive qualities. Children then recruited partners for hypothetical tasks that differed with respect to the quality necessary for success. Children and the selected partner either worked together toward a common goal or competed against each other. From age 5, children selectively chose individuals in possession of task-relevant qualities as cooperative partners while avoiding them as competitors. Younger children chose partners indiscriminately. Children thus learn to strategically adjust their partner choice depending on context-specific task demands and different social goals.  相似文献   

A developmental study of the relationship between reading development and the self-system     

Thérèse Bouffard 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》1998,13(1):61-74

The aims of this three-year longitudinal study were to examine 1) the concurrent development of different components of the self-system; 2) how the development of this self-system relates to cognitive and metacognitive development in reading; and 3) whether or not there are gender differences both in the development of the self-system as well as in its relation to the development of reading. One hundred and seventy-eight elementary school children were first assessed in the fourth grade and then again in each of the two following years. A similar pattern of intercorrelations between self-system components was evident for boys and girls, and this pattern was quite stable across the three school grades. In addition, similar patterns of moderate relations between the self-system and cognitive and metacognitive development in reading were observed across time. According to these findings, there appears to be some stability, consistency and coherence in how late elementary school children’s beliefs about themselves as learners are organized in their self-system. It is also evident that children of this age are able to make valid self-appraisals of their capabilities.  相似文献   

Fungicides in perspective: 1979     

Keith J Bent 《Endeavour》1979,3(1):7-14

The OPEC price increases initiated in 1973 resulted in intense international preoccupation with a shortage of energy and this has tended to overshadow concern for the continuing shortage of food in many parts of the world. Yet the need for greater and more efficient food production is as pressing as ever, and in achieving this, the development of new chemical aids for preventing plant diseases is very important. Annual loss in world crops caused by disease is estimated to be of the order of £60 000 million, mostly due to fungal infections.  相似文献   

Relationship between school rhythm and physical activity in adolescents: the HELENA study     

Jérémy Vanhelst  Laurent Béghin  Alain Duhamel  Stefaan De Henauw  Denes Molnar  Germán Vicente-Rodriguez 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(16):1666-1673

The aim was to assess the relationship between school rhythm and physical activity (PA) in adolescents. The study included 2024 adolescents (12.5–17.4 years). Participants wore an accelerometer for 7 days. A short school rhythm was defined as a short time at school with short recesses and less time in teaching per day (Group 1). A long school rhythm was defined as a longer time at school with more time in teaching and recess (Group 2). Adolescents in Group 1 performed less moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) than those in Group 2 per week (P < .0001), especially during school days (recess: 3.9 ± 4.0 vs. 9.8 ± 7.9 min · day^?1; P < .0001; teaching hours: 14.5 ± 9.8 vs. 19.1 ± 12.0 min · day^?1; P < .0001). Adolescents in Group 1 were less likely to meet the PA recommendations than were adolescents in Group 2: 30.7% vs. 34.1% (P < .0001). During school days, the percentage of adolescents who spent more than 2 h · day^?1 in sedentary activities was greater in the Group 1 (P < .001). Our results suggest that leisure-time out-of-school hours is used mainly for sedentary activities, and that school time provides a good opportunity for promoting PA.  相似文献   

Short-term performance peaking in an elite cross-country mountain biker     

Bent R. Rønnestad  Joar Hansen  Geir Vegge  Iñigo Mujika 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(14):1392-1395

ABSTRACT

Endurance athletes usually achieve performance peaks with 2–4 weeks of overload training followed by 1–3weeks of tapering. With a tight competition schedule, this may not be appropriate. This case investigates the effect of a 7-day overload period including daily high-intensity aerobic training followed by a 5-day step taper between two competitions in an elite cross-country mountain biker. Pre-test peak oxygen consumption was 89 ml·kg^?1·min^?1, peak aerobic power 6.8 W·kg^?1, power output at 2 mmol·L^?1 blood lactate concentration 3.9 W·kg^?1, maximal isometric force 180 Nm and squat jump 21 cm. During overload, perceived leg well-being went from normal to very heavy. On day 1 after overload, vastus lateralis and vastus medialis EMG_mean activity was reduced by 3% and 7%, respectively. Other baseline measurements were reduced by 3–7%. On day 4 of the taper, he felt that his legs were good and all measurements were 3–7% higher than before overload. On day 6 after the taper, his legs felt very good. This case shows that an elite mountain biker (11th in UCI World Cup one week prior to the pre-test) could achieve a rather large supercompensation by using a 12-day performance peaking protocol.  相似文献   

Post-collection acidification of spot urine sample is not needed before measurement of electrolytes     

Tom&#x; &#x;lek  Pavel Musil  Marek P&#x;en ík  Vladimír Pali ka 《Biochemia medica : ?asopis Hrvatskoga dru?tva medicinskih biokemi?ara / HDMB》2022,32(2)

IntroductionKidney stone formers can have higher oxalate and phosphate salt amounts in their urine than healthy people and we hypothesized that its acidification may be useful. The study aims to compare results of urine concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus in the midstream portion of first voided morning urine samples without (FMU) and with post-collection acidification (FMUa) in kidney stone patients.Materials and methodsThis is a prospective single center study. A total of 138 kidney stone patients with spot urine samples were included in the study. Urine concentrations of calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus were measured with and without post-collection acidification. Acidification was performed by adding 5 µL of 6 mol/L HCl to 1 mL of urine.ResultsThe median age (range) of all participants was 56 (18-87) years. The median paired differences between FMU and FMUa concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus were: - 0.040 mmol/L, 0.035 mmol/L, and 0.060 mmol/L, respectively. They were statistically different: P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.004, respectively. These differences are not clinically significant because biological variations of these markers are much higher.ConclusionsNo clinically significant differences in urinary calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus concentrations between FMU and FMUa in patients with kidney stones were found.  相似文献