Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)     

Bhaskar?G?MaiyaEmail author  G.?Hariprasad  L.?Giribabu 《Resonance》2000,5(8):13-21

In this concluding article, three emerging aspects related to PDT are presented: (i) new approaches to PDT of cancer, (ii) PDT diagnostics, and (iii) new clinical applications.  相似文献   

Using first-order cognitive analysis to understand problem solving behavior: An example from accounting     

Jesse F. Dillard  R. Bhaskar  Ray G. Stephens 《Instructional Science》1982,11(1):71-92

We report a study of human problem solving in the accounting domain. This study has three characteristics. First, it is explicitly intended to aid in the development of instructional materials. Second, it uses a powerful task analyzing scheme as the basis for its conclusions. Third, we use a technique called First-Order Cognitive Analysis that combines the advantages of task analysis to overcome some of the traditional methodological problems posed to protocol analysis. Our representational scheme, KO, seems to be largely valid as a basis for reasoning about cognition, although only three subjects were studied.  相似文献   

Skill acquisition in the bookkeeping task     

R. Bhaskar  Jesse F. Dillard  Ray G. Stephens 《Instructional Science》1983,11(4):329-356

Skill acquisition in a domain is the acquisition of appropriate problem solving schemes, as determined by experts. This paper extends previous research in the accounting domain by investigating skill acquisition. It does so by a series of protocol analyses of a single subject as she progressed through an intermediate accounting course. These findings are compared with the behavior of a skilled subject. Our results suggest that the strategy transformation of unit-building is utilized in the bookkeeping task environment.  相似文献   

Lichens: A valuable bioresource for environmental monitoring and sustainable development     

Hans?Raj?NegiEmail author 《Resonance》2003,8(1):51-58

Lichens are a good example of the virtues of simplicity and cooperation. They survive in extremes of climatic conditions, ranging from low tide level on the sea shore to the high reaches of the Himalaya, beyond the tree line, in the arctic Tundra.  相似文献   

Effect of Lecithin and silymarin on D-galactosamine induced toxicity in isolated hepatocytes and rats     

P. V. Raj  K. Nitesh  H. R. Chandrashekhar  C. Mallikarjuna Rao  J. Venkata Rao  N. Udupa 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2010,25(2):169-174

To investigate Lecithin for its hepatoprotective activity against D-galactosamine (D-GalN) induced toxicity in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes and animal models. Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were exposed to Dgalactosamine (30 mM) along with/without lecithin (100 μg/ml) and the levels of selected liver enzymes were measured. Thirty six Wistar strain albino rats were used for the in vivo investigations. Lecithin 50 and 100 mg/kg.b.wt were administered for one week by oral route. Liver damage was induced by intra peritoneal administration of 400 mg/kg b.wt D-galactosamine. The antihepatotoxic effect of lecithin was observed in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes at concentration 100 μg/ml and was found to be similar to that of the standard silymarin used. Its in vivo hepatoprotective effect at 100 mg/kg b.wt was comparable with that of the standard silymarin at 100 mg/kg body weight. Lecithin was able to normalise the biochemical levels which were altered due to D-galactosamine intoxication in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes and also in animal models.  相似文献   

Antidyslipidaemic activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Glycyrrhiza glabra</Emphasis> in high fructose diet induced dsyslipidaemic Syrian golden hamsters     

Santosh Kumar Maurya  Kanwal Raj  Arvind Kumar Srivastava 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2009,24(4):404-409

The root of Glycyrrhiza glabra is a traditional medicine used mainly for the treatment of peptic ulcer, hepatitis C, pulmonary and skin diseases, although clinical and experimental studies suggest that it has several other useful pharmacological properties such as antiinflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidative, anticancer activities, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective effects. Glycyrrhizinic acid, a major component of licorice, has antiulcer effect by raising the local concentration of prostaglandins that promote mucous secretion and cell proliferation in the stomach. Glycyrrhizin shows hepatoprotective effect by preventing changes in cell membrane permeability, inhibiting phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) and increasing survival rate of hepatocytes. Glabridin has effect in melanogenesis and inflammation by inhibiting the tyrosinase activity of melanocytes. α-glycyhrritinic acid exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting glucocorticoid metabolism. In present study ethanolic (95%) extract of root of Glycyrrhiza glabra and its fractions were investigated for its antidyslipidaemic activity on HFD induced dyslipidaemic hamsters. Ethanolic extract and its ethyl acetate soluble, water soluble and hexane soluble fractions decreased serum level of total cholesterol by 25.9, 38.0, 39.0 and 26.3%, respectively. On the other hand ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate soluble, water soluble and hexane soluble fraction increased the serum HDL-cholesterol level by 14.8, 34.3, 27.3 and 17.2%, respectively. Ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction, aqueous fraction and hexane fraction decreased triglyceride level by 31.3, 37.2, 41.2 and 28.9%, respectively. The reduction in LDL-cholesterol level by ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate soluble fraction and water soluble fraction were 43.9, 31.0, 33.4 and 24.6%, respectively.  相似文献   

Scientific and political orientation of American scientists     

Hans Raj Anand  Joseph Haberer 《Research Policy》1978,7(1):27-46

The paper presents some findings of a study which surveyed the political attitudes and involvement of American scientists.We found an unambiguous rank ordering based on political orientation among the various subgroups of scientists. The greater the scientists' identification with basic science and the university, the greater the liberalism. However, the claim that scientific elites are more liberal than the rank-and-file and that physicists are the most liberal among natural scientists was not substantiated.The fear that a scientific-technological elite might become a dominant political elite was not reflected in the thinking of a large majority of our 1205 respondents. A majority expressed reservations about the skill and knowledge of the citizenry to understand and resolve the increasingly complex problems of our society, recognize that a separation of science and politics is not attainable or even desireable, but remain somewhat uneasy with the new situation in which their work has become so enmeshed with policy concerns.The traditional norm system of science continues to receive substantial support and takes precedence over either the concern about the social consequences of certain types of “dangerous” knowledge, or the costs that heavy investments in basic science involve. We find that scientists are largely prepared to sacrifice the norm of communality at the altar of nationalism. The clash between an internal ideology of science that values disinterested search for knowledge and an external ideology of society which focuses on utility presents a continuing dilemma.  相似文献   

EGFR Mutation Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma Patients: A Liquid Biopsy Approach     

Jigna Joshi  Apexa Raval  Urja Desai  Vinal Upadhyay  Mansi Bhavsar  Kanisha Shah  Rakesh Rawal  Harsha Panchal  Franky Shah 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2021,36(1):51

In the era of the targeted therapy identification of EGFR mutation detection in lung cancer is extremely helpful to predict the treatment efficacy of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Unfortunately, the inadequacy and quality of the biopsy samples are the major obstacles in molecular testing of EGFR mutation in lung cancer. To address this issue, the present study intended to use liquid biopsy as the non-invasive method for EGFR mutation detection. A total of 31 patients with an advanced stage of lung cancer were enrolled in the study from which cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and FFPE tissue DNA was extracted. Extracted DNA samples were analyzed for further EGFR exon specific mutation analysis by ARMS-PCR. Data were analyzed statistically using SPSS software. In cfDNA samples, the prevalence of wild type EGFR was 48% while the prevalence of TKI resistant and TKI sensitive mutations were 3%. Conversely, in tissue DNA samples, the prevalence of wild type, TKI sensitive and TKI resistant mutations were 48%, 19%, and 3%, respectively. The overall concordance of EGFR mutation between cfDNA and tissue DNA was 83%. McNemar’s test revealed that there was no significant difference between EGFR expression of cfDNA and tissue DNA samples. Additionally, the significant-high incidence of TKI resistant mutations was observed in tobacco habituates, indicating the role of carcinogens present in the tobacco in developing resistant mutations. In conclusion, our data suggest that evaluation of EGFR mutation from cfDNA samples is practicable as a non-invasive tool in patients with advanced-stage of lung cancer.  相似文献   

Age modulates attitudes to whole body donation among medical students     

Gary F. Perry  Raj R. Ettarh 《Anatomical sciences education》2009,2(4):167-172

Managing a whole body donor program is necessary for facilitating a traditional dissection‐based anatomy curriculum in medicine and health sciences. Factors which influence body donations to medical science can therefore affect dissection‐based anatomy teaching. In order to determine whether age influences the attitudes of medical students to donations, this study surveyed, by Likert‐type questionnaires, first‐year graduate‐entry medical students attending a dissection‐based anatomy course. In contrast to attitudes among younger traditional‐entry medical students, initial support for whole body donation by an unrelated stranger (83.8%), a family member (43.2%) or by the respondent (40.5%) did not decrease among graduate‐entry medical students after exposure to dissection although there was a significant shift in strength of support for donation by stranger. This suggests that older medical students do not readily modify their pre‐established attitudes to the idea of whole body donation after exposure and experience with dissection. Initial ambivalence among respondents to the idea of donation by family member was followed by opposition to this type of donation. These findings demonstrate that age modulates the influences on a priori attitudes to whole body donation that exposure to dissection causes in younger medical students. Anat Sci Educ 2:167–172, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.  相似文献   

Understanding Ziegler–Natta catalysis through your laptop     

K. Vipin Raj  Kumar Vanka 《Resonance》2017,22(11):1025-1037

This article focuses on the different components that make up Ziegler–Natta olefin polymerization systems and shows how investigating the interactions between these components through computational approaches provide crucial information about the chemistry of these systems. Hence, the necessity of theory acting as a counterpoint to experiment is revealed, underlining the importance of computational chemistry in attacking important problems of the day.  相似文献