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41.
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Rats confronted with the onset of a light gradient display a transient increase in locomotion called theactivity response (AR) and a dark preference (Godsil & Fanselow, 2004). These experiments demonstrate that the magnitude of the AR can be blunted
with Pavlovian fear-conditioning procedures via associative and nonassociative fear. Although manifested in decreased locomotion,
the blunted AR effect was not due to increased freezing or immobility behaviors. Instead, rats displayed reduced rearing and
an increase in a class of behaviors calledstationary activity. These results suggest that the lighting differential supplied by the cue influences the topography of defensive behavior
and reduces the expression of freezing. This procedure provides a means by which to examine learned and unlearned defensive
responses to the same stimulus. 相似文献
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Matthew J. Kennedy Harold D. Ladouceur Tiffany Moeller Dickson Kirui Carl A. Batt 《Biomicrofluidics》2012,6(4)
The present work describes the operation and simulation of a microfluidic laminar-flow mixer. Diffusive mixing takes place between a core solution containing lipids in ethanol and a sheath solution containing aqueous buffer, leading to self assembly of liposomes. Present device architecture hydrodynamically focuses the lipid solution into a cylindrical core positioned at the center of a microfluidic channel of 125 × 125-μm2 cross-section. Use of the device produces liposomes in the size range of 100–300 nm, with larger liposomes forming at greater ionic strength in the sheath solution and at lower lipid concentration in the core solution. Finite element simulations compute the concentration distributions of solutes at axial distances of greater than 100 channel widths. These simulations reduce computation time and enable computation at long axial distances by utilizing long hexahedral elements in the axial flow region and fine tetrahedral elements in the hydrodynamic focusing region. Present meshing technique is generally useful for simulation of long microfluidic channels and is fully implementable using comsol Multiphysics. Confocal microscopy provides experimental validation of the simulations using fluorescent solutions containing fluorescein or enhanced green fluorescent protein. 相似文献
45.
Bill Kennedy 《Publishing Research Quarterly》2010,26(3):187-192
A concise review is presented of the essential elements of the book publishing and bookselling business in a complex and diverse
market. Demographics create the diversity while Arabic is the one language spoken across a multitude of different countries.
Three features are common to all of these countries and they are: the dominance of English as the second language, education
has and will remain to be a priority, and economic pressures cause price sensitivity to be a major challenge especially in
the educational market segments. It is the price sensitivity as a key factor for the lack of respect for intellectual property
and copyright regulations. A review of distribution and retail stores is a very important topic in relation to this complex
collection of countries. The emergence of e-books is discussed especially in the educational, professional and reference market
segments. Finally, there is a review of the Arabic language publishers and local book fairs to bring this article to closure. 相似文献
46.
Bill Connor 《School Leadership & Management》2013,33(2):163-165
This paper is about the experience of preparation for incorporation in a sixth form college. The purpose of the paper is to take an analytical and reflective view of recent practice and developments which may have applications for all education managers facing externally imposed change. Its focus is on communication and consultation structures, the changing balance of power as institutions become independent of local authorities, and industrial relations in a new culture. It concludes that, without a full understanding of internal processes and structures and a strategy for strengthening them, colleges will continue to be ill‐equipped for survival as incorporated institutions. 相似文献
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Miriam Kennedy 《Teaching in Higher Education》2013,18(1):119-123
Experiences in teaching communication skills to medical and veterinary medical students are described. The first involved unexpected attitudes of resentment arising when students took on the role of a patient undergoing a clinical examination. The emergence of empathy as a learning issue due to greater self-awareness was a useful outcome. The second involved resistance to dealing with ethical problems arising during problem-based learning cases. These two emotionally laden attitudes would not have been revealed if more passive traditional ways of teaching had been used. While ability to empathise with another and the ability to deal with difficult interpersonal situations are desirable in the medical professional, there is a paucity of teaching approaches dealing with this aspect of self-development in the undergraduate curriculum. This poses a real challenge to us as facilitators of learning. 相似文献
50.
ABSTRACTThis paper concludes the Special Issue (SI) ‘Probing the Amalgam: the relationship between science teachers’ content, pedagogical and pedagogical content knowledge’. We review the five papers (Sorge et al; Gess-Newsome et al; Kind; Pitjeng-Mosabala and Rollnick; and Liepertz and Bronowski) by discussing evidence these present regarding the relationships between content knowledge (CK), pedagogical knowledge (PK) and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK); the development of CK, PK and PCK in novice and experienced secondary science teachers and how CK, PK and/or PCK impact students’ learning. In conclusion, we draw these findings together in offering proposals for future research via reconsideration of Shulman’s amalgam. This includes post-hoc examination of a PCK model known as ‘the Consensus Model’ (Gess-Newsome, [2015]. A model of teacher professional knowledge and skill including PCK: Results of the thinking from the PCK Summit. In A. Berry, P. J. Friedrichsen, & J. Loughran (Eds.), Re-examining Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Science Education (pp. 28–42). New York, NY: Routledge; Neumann, Kind, & Harms [2018]. Probing the amalgam: The relationship between science teachers’ content, pedagogical and pedagogical content knowledge. International Journal of Science Education, 1–15) and presentation of a novel PCK structure based on evidence from the SI studies. 相似文献