Do monkeys choose to choose?     

Bonnie M. Perdue  Theodore A. Evans  David A. Washburn  Duane M. Rumbaugh  Michael J. Beran 《Learning & behavior》2014,42(2):164-175

Both empirical and anecdotal evidence supports the idea that choice is preferred by humans. Previous research has demonstrated that this preference extends to nonhuman animals, but it remains largely unknown whether animals will actively seek out or prefer opportunities to choose. Here we explored the issue of whether capuchin and rhesus monkeys choose to choose. We used a modified version of the SELECT task—a computer program in which monkeys can choose the order of completion of various psychomotor and cognitive tasks. In the present experiments, each trial began with a choice between two icons, one of which allowed the monkey to select the order of task completion, and the other of which led to the assignment of a task order by the computer. In either case, subjects still had to complete the same number of tasks and the same number of task trials. The tasks were relatively easy, and the monkeys responded correctly on most trials. Thus, global reinforcement rates were approximately equated across conditions. The only difference was whether the monkey chose the task order or it was assigned, thus isolating the act of choosing. Given sufficient experience with the task icons, all monkeys showed a significant preference for choice when the alternative was a randomly assigned order of tasks. To a lesser extent, some of the monkeys maintained a preference for choice over a preferred, but computer-assigned, task order that was yoked to their own previous choice selection. The results indicated that monkeys prefer to choose when all other aspects of the task are equated.  相似文献   

Relative position keeping in satellite formation flying with input saturation     

Young-Hun Lim  Hyo-Sung Ahn 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》2014

This paper studies a relative position keeping problem in satellite formation flying with input saturation. The relative motion dynamics is designed with polytopic-type uncertainties by considering elliptic and noncoplanar formation, and unknown angular rate and acceleration within some boundary. A composite nonlinear feedback control law is developed by using a low-and-high gain control scheme with an algebraic Riccati inequality (ARI). In the presence of input saturation and disturbances, finite-gain _L∞$L_{\infty }$ stability of the relative motion dynamics is ensured using the proposed control law. Additionally, the domain of attraction for the stability is evaluated by formulating an optimization problem. Through numerical simulations, the validity of the proposed scheme is illustrated.  相似文献   

Circadian rhythms in Neurospora crassa on a polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic device for real-time gas perturbations     

Kang Kug Lee  Chong H. Ahn  Christian I. Hong 《Biomicrofluidics》2013,7(4)

Racetubes, a conventional system employing hollow glass tubes, are typically used for monitoring circadian rhythms from the model filamentous fungus, Neurospora crassa. However, a major technical limitation in using a conventional system is that racetubes are not amenable for real-time gas perturbations. In this work, we demonstrate a simple microfluidic device combined with real-time gas perturbations for monitoring circadian rhythms in Neurospora crassa using bioluminescence assays. The developed platform is a useful toolbox for investigating molecular responses under various gas conditions for Neurospora and can also be applied to other microorganisms.  相似文献   

Stress Reduction and Mood Enhancement in Four Exercise Modes: Swimming,Body Conditioning,Hatha Yoga,and Fencing     

Bonnie G. Berger  David R. Owen 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):148-159

Abstract

The influence of exercise mode and practice qualities on the stress reduction benefits of exercise was examined. College students in swimming, body conditioning, hatha yoga, fencing, exercise, and lecture-control classes completed the Profile of Mood States and the State Anxiety Inventory before and after class on three occasions. Swimmers had unusually positive initial moods and reported less tension and confusion after swimming only on the first day of testing. Participants in yoga, an anaerobic activity that satisfied three of the four mode requirements, were significantly less anxious, tense, depressed, angry, fatigued, and confused after class than before on all three occasions. Supporting the importance of the four mode characteristics, participants in the exercise control activity of fencing reported improvements only in vigor. A possible influence of practice conditions was observed when members of the body conditioning class reported significant increases in fatigue, but no other mood changes. Results of this study supported the possibility that exercise mode and practice requirements in the proposed taxonomy moderate the stress reduction benefits.  相似文献   

Effect of a Pedometer-Based Intervention on Daily Step Counts of Community-Dwelling Older Adults     

Karen A. Croteau  Nancy E. Richeson  Bonnie C. Farmer  David B. Jones 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(5):401-406

This study investigated the effect of a 12-week pedometer-based intervention on daily step counts of 147 older adults randomly assigned to an intervention or wait-list control group (M age = 72.9 years, SD = 8.8). The intervention group significantly increased their daily step counts after 12 weeks (M = 639, SD = 2,239) and continued to significantly increase during a 12-week maintenance period (M = 680, SD = 1,721). The control group exhibited no change during the control period (M =-393, SD = 2,050) but had a significant increase in daily step counts (M = 1,580, SD = 2,305) when enrolled in the intervention. The pedometer-based intervention was effective in increasing participants' daily step counts.  相似文献   

Research Abstracts     

Bonnie J. Purdy  Aileene Lockhart 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):265-268

Abstract

Retention and relearning of five novel gross motor skills after a long period of no practice were studied. College women were classified into high, average, and low skill groups in a previous experiment, and this classification of 36 of the original subjects was retained in the present retesting study. A high degree of skill was retained after approximately one year of no practice. Relearning to previously attained skill levels was rapid. There were significant differences among classified high, average, and low skill groups in learning, retention, and relearning.  相似文献   

Researching literacy lives: building communities between home and school     

Bonnie L. Stelmach 《Educational research; a review for teachers and all concerned with progress in education》2016,58(4):473-475

  相似文献   

Large-scale randomized controlled trial with 4th graders using intelligent tutoring of the structure strategy to improve nonfiction reading comprehension     

Kausalai Kay Wijekumar  Bonnie J. F. Meyer  Puiwa Lei 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2012,60(6):987-1013

Reading comprehension is a challenge for K-12 learners and adults. Nonfiction texts, such as expository texts that inform and explain, are particularly challenging and vital for students?? understanding because of their frequent use in formal schooling (e.g., textbooks) as well as everyday life (e.g., newspapers, magazines, and medical information). The structure strategy is explicit instruction about how to strategically use knowledge about text structures for encoding and retrieval of information from nonfiction and has consistently shown significant improvements in reading comprehension. We present the delivery of the structure strategy using a web-based intelligent tutoring system (ITSS) that has the potential to offer consistent modeling, practice tasks, assessment, and feedback to the learner. Finally, we report on statistically significant findings from a large scale randomized controlled efficacy trial with rural and suburban 4th-grade students using ITSS.  相似文献   

经济萎靡,全球品牌纷纷讨好中国年轻消费者     

贾庆文 《英语沙龙》2010,(1)

在全球经济危机的大背景下,许多国际知名品牌在各国市场的产品销量都遭遇了不同程度的下滑,但是在中国,情况却恰恰相反。低迷的经济形势丝毫阻挡不了中国消费者的消费热情,年轻一族仍是消费行为的主力军。全球知名品牌为什么一致看好中国?除了庞大的年轻消费群体外,背后还有许多耐人寻味之处。  相似文献   

STUDENT JUDGMENTS ABOUT DATING VIOLENCE: A Factorial Vignette Analysis     

Carlson  Bonnie E. 《Research in higher education》1999,40(2):201-220

Survey vignette methodology was employed toinvestigate student beliefs about what constitutesabusive behaviors in dating relationships. A packet of15 unique vignettes depicting incidents that might be considered to be violent was distributed torandomly selected graduate and undergraduate studentswho were asked to rate physical abusiveness. Based onmultiple regression analysis, both contextual and student demographic characteristics were foundto influence abusiveness ratings. Significant predictorsof abuse judgments were nature of the aggressive act andvictim's gender and sexual orientation. More severe acts of aggression, female victims, gayand lesbian victims, a history of violence in therelationship, injurious outcome, male perpetrator, andalcohol consumption significantly increased abusiveness ratings. More advanced students and femalestudents tended to make higher abuse ratings, whereasbeing in a relationship was associated with lowerratings. Although both contextual and demographicfactors affected student judgments of abusiveness,student characteristics explained relatively littlebeyond what was accounted for by situational variablesin the scenarios depicted.  相似文献