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951.
The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of two strategies for negotiating the question for exploration during science
inquiry on student achievement and teachers' perceptions. The study is set in the context of the Science Writing Heuristic.
The first strategy (small group) consisted of each group of four students negotiating a question for inquiry with the teacher
while the second strategy (whole class) consisted of the entire class negotiating a single question for inquiry with the teacher.
The study utilized a mixed-method approach. A quasi-experimental repeated measures design was used to determine the effect
of strategy on student achievement and semi-structured teacher interviews were used to probe the question of teacher perceptions
of the two strategies. Teacher observations were conducted using the Reformed Teaching Observation Protocol (RTOP) to check
for variation in implementation of the two strategies. Iowa Test of Basic Skills Science (ITBSS) (2005 and 2006) and teacher/researcher
developed unit exams (pre and post) were used as student achievement measures. No statistically significant differences were
found among students in the two treatment groups on the ITBSS or unit exams. RTOP observations suggest that teacher implementation
was consistent across the two treatment strategies. Teachers disclosed personal preferences for the two strategies, indicating
the whole class treatment was easier to manage (at least at the beginning of the school year) as students gained experience
with science inquiry and the associated increased responsibility. Possible mechanisms linking the two strategies, negotiated
questions, and student outcomes are discussed. 相似文献
952.
Chengfang Liu Linxiu ZhangRenfu Luo Xiaobing WangScott Rozelle Brian SharbonoJennifer Adams Yaojiang ShiAi Yue Hongbin LiThomas Glauben 《Economics of Education Review》2011,30(4):627-640
Many educational systems have struggled with the question about how best to give out financial aid. In particular, if students do not know the amount of financial aid that they can receive before they make a decision about where to go to college and what major to study, it may distort their decision. This study utilizes an experiment (implemented by the authors as a Randomized Control Trial) to analyze whether or not an alternative way of providing financial aid—by providing an early commitment on financial aid during the student's senior year of high school instead of after entering college—affects the college decision making of poor students in rural China. We find that if early commitments are made early enough; and they are large enough, students will make less distorting college decisions. 相似文献
953.
What supplies the concepts in causal inferences in story comprehension? This question was examined in 5 experiments. Elementary school children and college students listened to stories containing a "premise" sentence describing a character's intent in initiating a series of actions, followed by an unexpected "outcome." After each story, the subjects were asked inference questions about the reason for the outcome (Experiments 1-4) or asked to explain the outcome (Experiment 5). In the various experiments, the availability of object concepts for an inference was manipulated by providing 0 or 2 clues preceding the outcome, additional filler information that diluted the clue information, a mention of an object in the premise or no mention, and an object title for each story or no title. The results suggested that the availability of an object concept in sentences prior to the outcome was a critical determinant of whether an object inference occurred, especially for children. Given availability, the thematic prominence of the object influences whether the object will be used in an inference. 相似文献
954.
The place of economics in the curriculum in England and Wales provides a lens through which we may view the ways in which the curriculum as a whole is fought over and remains shifting terrain. Conceived of as social movements, school subject communities are made up of competing factions giving rise to contest and conflict both within themselves and with other subjects. A social constructionist perspective, such as Goodson's, would suggest that the form and content of the curriculum are outcomes of such ongoing struggle, involving the interplay of power and control that reflect deep‐rooted traditions. Bernstein's notions of school subjects imply complex interplay of official and pedagogic agents in determining their fates as singulars, regions or generic entities. The rise and fall of economics lay substantially outside the control of its subject community and the social movements within it. At post‐16, a search for new content and pedagogies seemed to take little heed of its curricular market position. During the compulsory phase, the emergence of sub‐factions interested in vocational rather than economics education ensured its consignment to cross‐curricular theme status and relative oblivion in the post‐1988 National Curriculum. 相似文献
955.
Razia Fakir Mohammad Brian Harlech-Jones 《International Journal of Educational Development》2008,28(5):534-545
This paper discusses a partnership involving teachers and a teacher educator working together to develop teaching and learning practices in Pakistan. The partnership was established in response to the teachers’ need for support in developing their professional practices within the actual contexts and realities of their schools, after they had attended an in-service training course at a university. Providing case studies, the paper analyses the processes and outcomes of this co-learning partnership. The findings suggest that the collaborative process advances the understanding of teachers’ problems, resolves them on the spot, and provides teachers with the confidence and courage to transcend the constraints of their workplaces while developing professionally. 相似文献
956.
Mechanistic reasoning, or reasoning systematically through underlying factors and relationships that give rise to phenomena, is a powerful thinking strategy that allows one to explain and make predictions about phenomena. This article synthesizes and builds on existing frameworks to identify essential characteristics of students’ mechanistic reasoning across scientific content areas. We argue that these characteristics can be represented as epistemic heuristics, or ideas about how to direct one’s intellectual work, that implicitly guide mechanistic reasoning. We use this framework to characterize middle school students’ written explanatory accounts of two phenomena in different science content areas using these heuristics. We demonstrate evidence of heuristics in students’ accounts and show that the use of the heuristics was related to but distinct from science content knowledge. We describe how the heuristics allowed us to characterize and compare the mechanistic sophistication of account construction across science content areas. This framework captures elements of a crosscutting practical epistemology that may support students in directing the construction of mechanistic accounts across content areas over time, and it allows us to characterize that progress. 相似文献
957.
Jeonghee Nam Aeran Choi Brian Hand 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2011,9(5):1111-1133
Current initiatives in science education in Korea have emphasized science literacy as the most important purpose of science
education; that is, science education needs to focus on helping each student to become a scientifically literate person who
is able to make reasoned decisions. In attempting to address this focus concern about science literacy, the researchers of
this study attempted to implement the Science Writing Heuristic (SWH) approach and examined both the SWH and the control groups
using the modified Reformed Teaching Observation Protocol (RTOP). Students’ performance on a Summary Writing Test (SWT) was
also examined. Participant students of this study were eighth grade students in three middle schools located in the second
biggest city in Korea. Each of the three teachers from three schools taught both the SWH and the control classes. The results
of this study showed significant differences between the SWH and the control groups on the SWT. There was a difference in
the total RTOP scores between the SWH and the control groups. Differences among schools imply that higher level of teachers’
implementation of the SWH approach would appear to result in better student achievement. 相似文献
958.
J. Ramon Gil-Garcia Ahmet Guler Theresa A. Pardo G. Brian Burke 《Government Information Quarterly》2019,36(4):101393
Previous research has shown that clarity of roles and responsibilities (CRR) influences the performance of individual organizations as well as inter-organizational efforts. In the context of cross-boundary information sharing (CBIS), CRR has been found to enable other important determinants of success, such as building trust among members, increasing their willingness to participate, and mitigating some of their concerns about security, among others. However, few studies have attempted to understand the determinants of CRR in government CBIS initiatives. Sayogo, Gil-Garcia, and Cronemberger's (2016) analysis of results of a national survey identified three significant determinants of CRR in CBIS, (1) the extent participants use boundary objects, (2) participant skills in terms of collaboration, coordination, and communication, and (3) the diversity of the participating organizations and their goals. Seeking to expand on their findings in terms of new understanding about the influence of significant determinants of CRR in CBIS, this study draws on findings from eight U.S. state and local government public health and criminal justice CBIS cases. This study contributes to existing knowledge about CBIS in the public sector by characterizing the determinants and providing new understanding of the nature of the influence of the determinants of CRR on CBIS. In particular, it shows how the extent of boundary object use, collaboration, and the diversity of participants affect CBIS initiatives in different contexts. In practical terms, creating new understanding of the determinants of CRR has value for public managers and their leadership as they must increasingly collaborate and share information across the boundaries of organizations in the process solving increasingly complex public problems. 相似文献
959.
The Citizen Disaster Communication Assessment (CDCA) measures individual disaster communication activities that are intended to help communities cope across all phases of a disaster. Using the CDCA, this study examined associations among citizen disaster communication, neighborhood belonging, and community resilience using three different samples representing different disaster phases (Pre-event, Event, Post-event). Results indicate that more citizen disaster communication was associated with stronger perceptions of neighborhood belonging and community resilience at the Event and Post-event phases. In terms of specific citizen disaster communication processes that proved important, communication to correct disaster rumors and share stories was associated with greater feelings of belonging. Communication intended to confirm disaster information and tell stories was associated with stronger community resilience perceptions. Overall, results (a) confirm that citizen disaster communication is an important part of the disaster response and recovery ecosystem and (b) offer evidence of concurrent validity for the CDCA. 相似文献
960.
Lindsay Hahn Ron Tamborini Brian Klebig Eric Novotny Clare Grall Matthias Hofer 《Communication Studies》2019,70(1):59-78
Content analyses examining the values expressed in popular music have been predominantly ad hoc, limited to antisocial themes, and lacking a comprehensive theoretical coding scheme. We applied a content analytic scheme based in the model of intuitive morality and exemplars (MIME) to examine altruistic and egoistic values in popular music over 60 years. Findings show (a) more frequent representation of egoistic than altruistic motivations, and (b) the profusion of egoistic motivations focused mostly on romantic (in adult-targeted music) but also platonic (in child-targeted music) relationships. 相似文献