Book reviews     

Premadasa Udagama  Mirosław Szymański  Grzegorz Szumski  Kevin M. Lillis  J. K. Rooney  Dietmar Kahsnitz  Emiel Droogleever Fortuijn  R. Murray Thomas  Lars Mählck  N. V. Varghese 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1989,35(3):365-377

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On the use of ASTM closed vessel tests in accelerated ageing research     

Tomasz Sawoszczuk  Andrzej Bara&#x;ski  Janusz Marek &#x;agan  Tomasz &#x;ojewski  Katarzyna Zi&#x;ba 《Journal of Cultural Heritage》2008,9(4):401-411

The ASTM D6819-02e3 standard for testing the accelerated ageing of paper, published in 2002, recommends using closed glass vials in order to keep the degradation products in contact with the paper and thus permitting a better simulation of the natural ageing conditions inside closed books. In the present study, the actual conditions and their stability inside closed vessels have been evaluated. The necessity of assuring a very high sealing performance (tightness) of the systems in order to avoid leakage of water vapour is the main drawback of this ageing method. Systematic studies presented in this publication tried to monitor this tightness and have provided data that helped to answer the question of what circumstances could lead to achieving its improvement. Both gravimetric monitoring of water content in vials and “in situ” IR measurements of the aged paper humidity have been applied for this purpose. As a result, better sealing materials (gaskets and caps) than those recommended by the ASTM standard, have been found. Additionally, application of a dynamometric spanner for closing the vials is recommended, as this is a guarantee of reasonably high and recurring tightness of the systems used in tests. Nevertheless, the systematic, linear with time, loss of moisture for all used vials was observed. A 9% loss of the initial moisture content in samples of the aged paper was observed for the tested conditions (14 days at 90 °C). Therefore, it seems that including some kind of gravimetric control for ageing tests performed in closed vessels is of essential importance.Kinetic studies of accelerated ageing in both closed and open systems, as monitored by DP and breaking length measurements, unexpectedly show that no statistically meaningful difference of degradation rates can be observed. On the other hand, the pH and whiteness index values reveal a meaningful difference between the rates of ageing in these systems, thus confirming the basic assumption of the ASTM test concerning the interaction of paper degradation products with the paper itself.  相似文献   

On the numerical competence of six-years-old children     

Aleksandra Urbańska 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》1993,24(3):265-275

The paper presents some of the results obtained in the course of experiments which have provided evidence of a considerable degree of numerical competence exhibited by six-years-olds and of their fairly advanced activity in discovering and dealing with arithmetical problems.The children used both counting and non-counting ways for solving arithmetical problems. They applied them elastically and interchangeably, often combining them into mutually complementary patterns of finding solutions.  相似文献   

All-round education and development of the personality     

Wincenty Okoń 《Prospects》1979,9(3):261-274

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Between Polish Positivism and American Capitalism: The Educational Agents' Experiment in the Polish‐American Community, 1889–1914     

Anna D. Jaroszyńska‐Kirchmann 《History of education quarterly》2008,48(4):485-507

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Trends and problems in educational research in Poland     

Wincenty Okoń 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1963,8(3-4):302-310

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PROBLEMS OF EQUIVALENCE OF STUDIES AND DIPLOMAS IN HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEMS     

Hanna Jabłońska‐Skinder 《Higher Education in Europe》1988,13(3):5-12

This article Surveys the problems and the traps of equivalences in higher education and proposes solutions to the former and ways of avoiding the latter. To begin with, one must be clear as to basic concepts and be able to distinguish between recognition and equivalence, the second being synonymous with the first, if formal equivalence is what is meant. But the principal task is one of defining and granting so‐called real equivalence, that is, equivalence based on the comparison of educational programmes, contents, length of study, the methods and the results of evaluations, and appropriate assessments of the academic value of practical work. It is also necessary to be clear at the outset as to the purposes of a given equivalence: to permit further study in another country or to aid in securing employment in a given occupation in another country. A major problem relates to varying conceptions of what is specifically university education in relation to higher education as a whole; the weight to be granted to post‐secondary, non‐university training; the whole question of length of studies; and ambiguities relative to terminology. Although it will never be possible to formulate ideal solutions to all problems, the key to obtaining the best possible solution is to be found in the improvement of the availability of standardized information by the exploitation of such sources as Unesco statistics, student books, analyses of bilateral conventions for applicable analogies, and, eventually, the sort of diploma supplement which Carin Berg and Ulrich Teichler are recommending.  相似文献   

Plasma centrifugation does not influence thrombin-antithrombin and plasmin-antiplasmin levels but determines platelet microparticles count     

Ewa St?pień  Krzysztof Gruszczyński  Przemys?aw Kapusta  Artur Kowalik  Iwona Wybrańska 《Biochemia medica : ?asopis Hrvatskoga dru?tva medicinskih biokemi?ara / HDMB》2015,25(2):222-229

Introduction

Centrifugation is an essential step for plasma preparation to remove residual elements in plasma, especially platelets and platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs). Our working hypothesis was that centrifugation as a preanalytical step may influence some coagulation parameters.

Materials and methods

Healthy young men were recruited (N = 17). For centrifugation, two protocols were applied: (A) the first centrifugation at 2500 x g for 15 min and (B) at 2500 x g for 20 min at room temperature with a light brake. In protocol (A), the second centrifugation was carried out at 2500 x g for 15 min, whereas in protocol (B), the second centrifugation involved a 10 min spin at 13,000 x g. Thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) and plasmin-antiplasmin (PAP) complexes concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. PMPs were stained with CD41 antibody and annexin V, and analyzed by flow cytometry method. Procoagulant activity was assayed by the Calibrated Automated Thrombogram method as a slope of thrombin formation (CAT velocity).

Results

Median TAT and PAP concentrations did not differ between the centrifugation protocols. The high speed centrifugation reduced the median (IQR) PMP count in plasma from 1291 (841-1975) to 573 (391-1010) PMP/µL (P = 0.001), and CAT velocity from 2.01 (1.31-2.88) to 0.97 (0.82-1.73) nM/min (P = 0.049). Spearman’s rank correlation analysis showed correlation between TAT and PMPs in the protocol A plasma which was (rho = 0.52, P < 0.050) and between PMPs and CAT for protocol A (rho = 0.74, P < 0.050) and protocol B (rho = 0.78, P < 0.050).

Conclusion

Centrifugation protocols do not influence the markers of plasminogen (PAP) and thrombin (TAT) generation but they do affect the PMP count and procoagulant activity.Key words: cell-derived microparticles, blood coagulation tests, centrifugation, preanalytical phase  相似文献   

Stereotype threat is linked to language achievement and domain identification in young males: Working memory and intellectual helplessness as mediators     

Sylwia Bedyńska  Izabela Krejtz  Piotr Rycielski  Grzegorz Sedek 《Psychology in the schools》2020,57(9):1331-1346

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All that glitters is not gold—Mixed early labour market outcomes of STEM graduates in Poland     

Tomasz Z. Zając  Tomasz Żółtak  Marek Bożykowski  Mikołaj Jasiński 《European Journal of Education》2023,58(3):477-497

The expansion of higher education resulted in a growing interest in post-graduation labour market outcomes. Two conflicting narratives are present in the debate. The first focuses on the shortage of skills and the need for further expansion of the sector and seems to pertain mostly to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). The second revolves around over-education and mismatch leading to graduate unemployment or underemployment. Such concerns pertain especially to humanities and social sciences. However, in this article, we argue that the STEM versus non-STEM opposition on which this debate is premised is not adequate for analysing post-graduation labour market outcomes. We leverage a unique administrative dataset comprising monthly records on the labour market status of the entire population of recent Polish university graduates (N = 161,323) to demonstrate the heterogeneity of the STEM category in terms of labour market outcomes and the limited predictive value of the field of study for those outcomes. We argue that the category is too broad and internally diverse to be used as an overarching category, especially in research meant to inform policymaking.  相似文献