Response of males and females to high-force eccentric exercise     

Rinard J  Clarkson PM  Smith LL  Grossman M 《Journal of sports sciences》2000,18(4):229-236

It has previously been shown that females incur less muscle damage than males after strenuous exercise, but limited data are available for humans. To determine possible differences between the sexes in humans, the response to high-force eccentric exercise was examined in a large sample of women (n = 83) and men (n = 82). The participants performed a bout of eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors consisting of 70 maximal repetitions. Isometric strength, resting elbow angle and muscle soreness were measured before, immediately after (except soreness) and then daily for 7 days after exercise. There was a significant loss in strength among both groups (69% for women and 63% for men) (P < 0.01) immediately after exercise; at 168 h post-exercise, women still had a 27% strength loss and men had a 24% strength loss. No significant difference in strength loss or recovery rate was found between men and women. Soreness reached peak values 32-48 h post-exercise (P < 0.01), with no significant difference between men and women. Range of motion decreased significantly until 3 days after exercise (14.6 degrees or 0.255 rad loss for women; 12.2 degrees or 0.213 rad loss for men) (P < 0.01); at 168 h post-exercise, the women and men still showed a loss of 4.8 degrees (0.084 rad) and 4.0 degrees (0.07 rad), respectively. There was a significant interaction of sex x time (P < 0.01); a post-hoc test indicated that the women experienced a greater loss in range of motion at 72 h than men and this difference was maintained to 168 h post-exercise (P < 0.01). Thus, our results do not support the contention that women have a lower response to eccentric exercise than men.  相似文献   

Faith,Class and Politics: The Role of the Churches in Teacher Training, 1914–1945, by Mark Lofthouse     

John Smith 《History of education》2013,42(1):123-125

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A Curriculum Laboratory     

Leslie A. Smith 《课程研究杂志》2013,45(2):109-114

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2000 Elections     

Jeffrey Smith 《Educational Measurement》1999,18(3):4-4

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Building Future Directions for Teacher Learning in Science Education     

Kathy Smith  Simon Lindsay 《Research in Science Education》2016,46(2):243-261

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Describing the plastic deformation of aluminium softball bats   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Eric Biesen  Lloyd Smith 《Sports Engineering》2007,10(4):185-193

Hollow aluminium bats were introduced over 30 years ago to provide improved durability over wooden bats. Since their introduction, however, interest in hollow bats has focused almost exclusively around their hitting performance. The aim of this study was to take advantage of the progress that has been made in predicting bat performance using finite elements and apply it to describe bat durability. Accordingly, the plastic deformation from a ball impact of a single-wall aluminum bat was numerically modelled. The bat deformation from the finite-element analysis was then compared with experiment using a high-speed bat test machine. The ball was modelled as an isotropic, homogeneous, viscoelastic sphere. The viscoelastic parameters of the ball model were found from instrumented, high-speed, rigid-wall ball impacts. The rigid-wall ball impacts were modelled numerically and showed good agreement with the experimentally obtained response. The strain response of the combined bat-ball model was verified with a strain-gauged bat at intermediate ball impact speeds in the elastic range. The strain response of the bat-ball model exhibited positive correlation with the experimental measurements. High-speed bat-ball impacts were performed experimentally and simulated numerically at increasing impact speeds which induced correspondingly increased dent sizes in the bat. The plastic deformation from the numerical model found good agreement with experiment provided the aluminium work hardening and strain rate effects were appropriately described. The inclusion of strain rate effects was shown to have a significant effect on the bat deformations produced in the finite-element simulations. They also helped explain the existence of high bat stresses found in many performance models.  相似文献   

Toxic gases from high-sulphur petroleum     

R.R. Sayers  N.A.C. Smith 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1925,200(2):262-263

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Audience Reception of Diane Arbus' Photographs     

C. Zoe Smith 《Journal of American culture (Malden, Mass. : 2003)》1985,8(1):13-28

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Booknotes     

Richard Smith 《Journal of Philosophy of Education》2007,41(1):179-181

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Measurement of teacher performance: A study in instrument development     

Donovan Peterson  Theodore Micceri  B. Othanel Smith 《Teaching and Teacher Education》1985,1(1):63-77

The procedures used to produce a research-based teaching evaluation system, containing low-inference indicators of effective and ineffective teacher behavior, included instrument development, content validation, and field testing. An extensive reliability study produced estimates for three types of consistency: intercoder agreement (r = 0.85), stability across teaching situations r = 0.86, and discriminant reliability among teachers (r = 0.79). The norming component of the study conducted in 45 schools, generated over 1200 observations of current teacher practice at all grade levels and in various subject areas. The results indicated the substantially generic nature of these behaviors; only grade level and instructional method (interactive, lecture, and independent seatwork) produced meaningful differences among groups of teachers. In addition, the average teacher used most of the effective behaviors (70%), and a few of the ineffective behaviors (8%) during observation. These results support the instrument's value in teacher training, remediation, and evaluation.  相似文献