Hurricane Sandy Exposure Alters the Development of Neural Reactivity to Negative Stimuli in Children          下载免费PDF全文

Ellen M. Kessel  Brady D. Nelson  Autumn Kujawa  Greg Hajcak  Roman Kotov  Evelyn J. Bromet  Gabrielle A. Carlson  Daniel N. Klein 《Child development》2018,89(2):339-348

This study examined whether exposure to Hurricane Sandy‐related stressors altered children's brain response to emotional information. An average of 8 months (M_age = 9.19) before and 9 months after (M_age = 10.95) Hurricane Sandy, 77 children experiencing high (n = 37) and low (n = 40) levels of hurricane‐related stress exposure completed a task in which the late positive potential, a neural index of emotional reactivity, was measured in response to pleasant and unpleasant, compared to neutral, images. From pre‐ to post‐Hurricane Sandy, children with high stress exposure failed to show the same decrease in emotional reactivity to unpleasant versus neutral stimuli as those with low stress exposure. Results provide compelling evidence that exposure to natural disaster‐related stressors alters neural emotional reactivity to negatively valenced information.  相似文献   

Validity of the diagnostic category of attention deficit disorder without hyperactivity: a review of the literature   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

B B Lahey  C L Carlson 《Journal of learning disabilities》1991,24(2):110-120

The validity of the diagnostic category of Attention Deficit Disorder Without Hyperactivity (ADD/WO) has been the subject of debate since it was first introduced in DSM-III. The differentiation of two syndromes of ADD is supported by factor analytic studies that indicate two dimensions of maladjustment: (1) inattention and disorganization, and (2) motor hyperactivity and impulsive responding. Cluster analyses of these two dimensions have yielded two profiles of deviance that correspond to the DSM-III subtypes. Furthermore, clinic-referred children who meet DSM-III criteria for ADD/WO have been shown to exhibit less serious conduct problems, are less impulsive, are more likely to be characterized as sluggish and drowsy, are less rejected by peers but more socially withdrawn, and are more likely to exhibit depressed mood and symptoms of anxiety disorder than children with Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADD/H).  相似文献   

Teacher self-evaluation and behavioral analysis     

R Carlson  R Lennan 《American annals of the deaf》1970,115(6):620-621

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Teachers,class culture,and the politics of schooling     

Dennis Carlson 《Interchange》1986,17(4):17-36

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Giant Patagonians and Hairy Ainu: Anthropology days at the 1904 St. Louis Olympics     

Lew Carlson 《Journal of American culture (Malden, Mass. : 2003)》1989,12(3):19-26

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Transfer of persistence across reinforced behaviors     

Robert Eisenberger  Robert Terborg  Jeffrey Carlson 《Learning & behavior》1979,7(4):493-498

Rats barpressed for food on a variable-interval schedule and then received food in a runway for one of three degrees of effort. Finally, all animals again barpressed for food. Requiring five runway shuttles per food pellet produced a greater subsequent rate of barpressing than reward for each shuttle, which, in turn, yielded more barpressing than free food. A follow-up study showed the five-shuttle treatment to produce more subsequent barpressing than a control condition which omitted any runway treatment. Another experiment indicated that the higher rate of barpressing following the five-shuttle treatment was not due to greater conditioned general activity, since the five-shuttle treatment failed to increase the number of grid crossings to the cue of food presentation and produced no more unconditioned barpressing than following free food in the runway. Two possible interpretations of the results were compared: (1) The degree of accustomed effort per reinforcer becomes a generalized component of instrumental behavior, (2) high effort increases the habituation of frustration-produced disruptive responses.  相似文献   

Ways in which research methodology distorts policy issues     

Kenneth Carlson 《The Urban Review》1979,11(1):3-14

The thesis of this paper is that the research that has the greatest effect on policy issues is of a particular kind, and that kind of research is fraught with weaknesses which cause it to distort the policy issues. The issues which are used for illustrative purposes in this article are urban issues.The term policy issue means an issue that affects a large number of people over an extended period of time and is subject to some kind of official promulgation. How large the number of people, how extended the time, and what form the promulgation takes are matters left to the reader's judgment. In general, the more there is of each of these, the more clearly the issue is a policy issue. Examples of public policy issues are school desegregation and school finance reform.Kenneth Carlson teaches in the Graduate School of Education, Rutgers University.  相似文献   

Positive Youth Development and Resilience: Growth Patterns of Social Skills Among Youth Investigated for Maltreatment          下载免费PDF全文

Assaf Oshri  Trasie A. Topple  Matthew W. Carlson 《Child development》2017,88(4):1087-1099

Maltreated children are a vulnerable population, yet many of these youth follow positive developmental pathways. The primary aim was to identify social skills growth trajectories among at‐risk youth to understand processes underlying resilience. Nationally representative, longitudinal data from 1,179 families investigated for child maltreatment (M_age = 12.75) were obtained from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well‐Being. Four trajectories were identified—stress‐resistant, emergent resilience, breakdown, and unresponsive‐maladaptive. Protective resources from multiple levels of the youth ecology (individual, family, school, and social service) predicted positive growth social skills trajectories. Resilience process and attendant positive outcomes in multiple domains of functioning were evident among the stress‐resistant and emergent resilience trajectories. Results underscore the saliency of social skills development for resilient outcomes in youth.  相似文献   

Knowing When to Be “Rational”: Flexible Economic Decision Making and Executive Function in Preschool Children          下载免费PDF全文

Wendy S. C. Lee  Stephanie M. Carlson 《Child development》2015,86(5):1434-1448

Failure to delay gratification may not indicate poor control or irrationality, but might be an adaptive response. Two studies investigated 3.5‐ and 4.5‐year‐old children's ability to adapt their delay and saving behavior when their preference (e.g., to delay or not delay) became nonadaptive. In Study 1 (N = 140), children's delay preference was associated with a risk of losing rewards. In Study 2 (N = 142), children's saving preference was associated with an inability to play an attractive game. Whereas baseline delaying and saving preferences were unrelated to a standardized executive function measure, children who switched to their nonpreferred choice scored higher, suggesting flexibility of decision‐making may be a more meaningful dependent variable than baseline performance in developmental research on self‐control.  相似文献   

A comparison of genetic variants between proficient low- and high-risk sport participants     

Cynthia J. Thomson  Rebecca J. Power  Scott R. Carlson  Jim L. Rupert  Grégory Michel 《Journal of sports sciences》2015,33(18):1861-1870

Athletes participating in high-risk sports consistently report higher scores on sensation-seeking measures than do low-risk athletes or non-athletic controls. To determine whether genetic variants commonly associated with sensation seeking were over-represented in such athletes, proficient practitioners of high-risk (n = 141) and low-risk sports (n = 132) were compared for scores on sensation seeking and then genotyped at 33 polymorphic loci in 14 candidate genes. As expected, athletes participating in high-risk sports score higher on sensation seeking than did low-risk sport athletes (P < .01). Genotypes were associated with high-risk sport participation for two genes (stathmin, (P = .004) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (P = .03)) as well as when demographically matched subsets of the sport cohorts were compared (P < .05); however, in all cases, associations did not survive correction for multiple testing.  相似文献