Crabs in the grey cup: Baltimore's Canadian football Sojourn, 1994–95     

Charles Kupfer Assistant Professor of American Studies & History 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(1):49-66

During the early 1990s, Baltimore had a problem: replacing its professional football team, which moved to Indiana in 1984. Fans, politicians, and entrepreneurs plotted, begged, and spent millions trying to gain a replacement. But the National Football League was diffident. With scads of ardent civic suitors, the NFL played hard-to-get. By 1994, Baltimore remained on the outside, feeling desperate. At the same time, North America's “other” professional football operation, the Canadian Football League, faced troubles, too. Older than the more high-profile NFL, the CFL lagged behind its media-savvy American counterpart. Across Canada, the CFL discerned disturbing signs of ennui in its fan base. The solution came suddenly: expand the CFL into the United States, injecting elements of nationalistic competition into the staid league, and granting pigskin-hungry American cities teams to call their own. What followed was a brief, bizarre, and culturally significant episode pin North American sport history. The CFL added five American franchises, while fretting that its distinctively Canadian identity might dilute or evaporate. Most American franchises met scant fan approval. Only in Baltimore did the experiment succeed, because there singular conditions brewed a blend of civic parochialism matching Canadian nationalism.  相似文献   

Accuracy and Prediction in Throwing: A Taxonomic Analysis of Children's Performance     

Shirl J. Hoffman  Charles H. Imwold  John A. Koller 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):33-40

Abstract

The throwing and prediction performances of first, third and fifth grade boys and girls were analyzed within the framework of a four-part taxonomy originally conceived by Fitts (1965). Throwing performance was assessed under task conditions which varied the motion states of the thrower's body and the target (stationary or moving) by use of a dual pendulum apparatus. Accuracy scores were highest in a condition where both body and target were stationary, and lowest where both body and target were moving. Task conditions requiring motion of only target or of body were of intermediate difficulty, and scores for these tasks were not significantly different from each other. There was evidence of learning across trial blocks for all tasks, but no indication that rates of acquisition differed for the task types. Likewise, significant main effects were observed for age levels but no age X task type interactions were disclosed. Boys were more accurate than girls across task conditions, most noticeably on the two most difficult tasks. Comparison of subjects' ability to predict, from a stationary body position, the coincidence of the moving target with a standard reference point, and their ability to predict the coincidence of their moving body with the same reference point revealed lower error scores on the former prediction task.  相似文献   

Memory Characteristics Of Two Dimensional Movement Information     

Alan A. Ashby  Charles H. Shea  Homer Tolson 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):93-100

Abstract

Two experiments examined the reproduction accuracy and retention characteristics of two-dimensional movement information. Distance, location, and combined location plus distance groups were examined under three retention intervals. The results of both experiments generally revealed that distance cues were maintained over a 15-second rest interval and subject to decay when interpolated activity was introduced. In contrast, recall accuracy for both the location group and the location plus distance group decayed during the rest interval. Following the presentation of interpolated activity, the location group exhibited no further decrement while the location plus distance group continued to demonstrate a decay in accuracy. These results imply a differential access to central processing for the two sources of movement information. That is, contrary to the results of previous studies utilizing one-dimensional tasks, two-dimensional distance cues appear to be centrally processed while location cues are not. Thus, when distance and location information is available, only the distance information appears to have access to central processing. Apparently, distance cues are more readily rehearsable in a two-dimensional task. It might be argued that distance information, with such additional cues as movement rate, timing, etc., is more appropriate for two-dimensional tasks while location information is relied on in one-dimensional tasks.  相似文献   

Teaching Hygiene Visually     

Charles B. Corbin  Robert P. Pangrazi 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):96-106

Abstract

We analyzed data from the National School Population Fitness Survey (Reiff et al., 1986) and data collected by the authors of the original study to assess the fitness of American children and youth based on the results of additional analyses. We then compared the numbers of children and youth meeting norm-referenced standards to numbers meeting recently adopted criterion-referenced health (CRH) standards for individual test items in the Fitnessgram (Institute for Aerobics Research, 1987) and AAHPERD Physical Best (AAHPERD, 1988) test batteries. The number of children and youth meeting CRH standards for multiple items in a test battery was also determined. Finally, data were analyzed to determine if changes in fitness have occurred among American children and youth over recent decades. Our results suggest that, with the exception of measures of arm and shoulder girdle strength!endurance, more children and youth meet criterion-referenced health standards than norm-referenced standards (50th percentile) and the majority of American children and youth meet CRH standards for individual test items. However, the majority of American children and youth cannot meet the CRH standards for a battery of items for either of the two batteries studied. A second look at decade to decade comparisons of fitness produced evidence that questions the idea that youth are less fit now than in previous years.  相似文献   

The Decline in American Children's Fitness Levels     

Charles T. Kuntzleman  Guy G. Reiff 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):107-111

Abstract

Three anthropometric and eight physical performance measures selected by the author were related by correlational methods to the performance of 87 secondary school boys in the running hop, step, and jump. All variables showed a significant relationship with the criterion beyond the .05 level of confidence. The criterion could be employed as a measure of motor ability since three of the highest single-variable correlations with the criterion were measures that are known predictors of motor ability: the running broad jump (r = .859), 50-yd. dash (r = .815), and standing broad jump (r = .778). Three selected combinations of measures yielded multiple correlations with the criterion which were significant beyond the .01 level of confidence. A regression equation developed from the optimal set of variables that was considered to be feasible for administration in school systems consisted of two items from the Youth Fitness Test Manual: the standing broad jump and the 50-yd. dash.  相似文献   

An Analysis of Heart Rateesponse to Exercise     

Charles W. Suggs 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):195-205

Abstract

Heart rate response to exercise and recovery after exercise were studied analytically on the basis that any energy extracted from a muscle must ultimately be supplied by oxidation. Any discrepancy between oxygen supply rate and equivalent oxygen consumption rate was assumed to be made up by utilizing a finite reserve; thus allowing supply to lag consumption at the onset of exercise. Heart rate was assumed and experimentally demonstrated to be linearly related to oxygen supply rate during both steady-state and the transition period after exercise starts or stops. During recovery the withdrawals from reserves are repaid as heart rate returns to normal. Consideration of these factors resulted in an exponential heart rate response equation which closely agreed with observations. Coefficients, evaluated from experimental data, gave average time constants of 1.2 to 1.7 sec. with recovery being slower than response to exercise. Integration of this equation over the exercise range gave an estimate of the deficiency of supply as compared to consumption. A similar integration over the recovery phase indicated that in this range, supply exceeded consumption by at least as much as it was deficient during the exercise phase.  相似文献   

Effects of Mental Practice on Skill Development after Controlled Practice     

Charles B. Corbin 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):534-538

Abstract

The purpose of this investigation was to test the effect of mental practice on skill performance after exposing subjects to real performance of a novel motor skill. Subjects practiced physically for one week prior to being divided into control, mental practice, and physical practice groups. Subjects then practiced in treatment groups for three weeks. Results indicated mental practice to be effective in facilitating juggling performance in subjects having experienced controlled actual practice.  相似文献   

Limits and potentials of social networking in academia: case study of the evolution of a mathematics Facebook community     

John Hallam Goodband  Peter Charles Samuels  Duncan Lawson  Roy Bhakta 《Learning, Media and Technology》2012,37(3):236-252

The use of social networking services has rapidly increased in recent years, especially by university students. Some authors assert that they have educational potential in terms of promoting collaborative learning practices among undergraduate students which enhance engagement and understanding. This possibility is particularly relevant to mathematics learning, because university communities are frequently experienced as isolating and performance-oriented. This case study reports on the use of Facebook to support mathematical communication and more participative learning identities within a UK university mathematics department. It describes how the reactive formation of a student-led Facebook community became a source of conflict within the wider academic social community and how this conflict was eventually resolved. While it raises questions about the extent to which Facebook can encourage open collaborative learning within the wider context of student aspirations in a competitive climate, it notes its potential for fostering cross-cohort student support in a subject which frequently induces anxiety in its students.  相似文献   

Educational Technologists: Leading Change for a New Paradigm of Education     

Sinem Aslan  Charles M. Reigeluth 《TechTrends》2013,57(5):18-24

The transition from the industrial age to the information age has happened and is still happening in our society (Duffy, 2009). However, our current educational systems still operate based on the needs of the industrial-age society (Watson, Watson, & Reigeluth, n.d), making them among the least impacted organizations (Reigeluth & Joseph, 2002). This misalignment between schools and society takes the form of a discrepancy between what and how we teach students in schools and how schools are organized and operated (Banathy, 1991; Hargreaves, 1999; Wagner et al., 2006). Educational systems should address current students’ needs to facilitate their learning process and better preparethem for their future lives in society (Collins & Halverson, 2009). In this article, we explain how we envision the new paradigm of education and what roles educational technologists should play to help transform educational systems to this new paradigm.  相似文献   

Using Synchronous Technology to Enrich Student Learning     

Charles Xiaoxue Wang  David Jaeger  Jinxia Liu  Xiaoning Guo  Nan Xie 《TechTrends》2013,57(1):20-25

To explore the potential applications of synchronous technology to enrich student learning, faculty members from an American regional state university and a Chinese regional university collaborated to find appropriate ways to integrate synchronous technology (e.g., Adobe Connect) into an educational technology program in the American university and in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) program in China. The paper reports the collaborative efforts in a project (from Fall 2010 to Spring 2012) using Adobe Connect to enrich student learning at both sites. The report includes the project overview, project implementation and its evaluation framework. Finally, the paper offers practical suggestions for using synchronous technologies such as Adobe Connect for instruction when implementing such an international project in two different countries.  相似文献