Estudio comparado del comportamiento de niños educados en medio familiar y niños educados en instituciones. Una perspectiva etológica     

Carlos Gómez  Filomena Sos  Cristina B. Randall  Encarna Vaquero 《Infancia y Aprendizaje》2013,36(56):105-122

Resumen

Se ha realizado un estudio observacional con metodología etológica en niños de 4–5 años: Un grupo de 5 Ss. procedentes de una Casa Cuna y otro grupo de 7 Ss. procedentes de un ambiente familiar. El muestreo se llevó a cabo en un hábitat común para ambos grupos: el recreo de un preescolar, ubicado en otra zona, y en condiciones de juego libre, aunque controlado por monitores adultos. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren la existencia de diferencias entre ambos grupos, que podrían implicar una manera diferente de integración social de los niños cuyo hábitat primario no es la casa familiar, aunque no es posible establecer una relación de causalidad directa con la institucionalización.  相似文献   

«Un redondel con muchas cosas dentro». Eso es un conjunto     

Amparo Moreno  Gerardo Echeita  Elena Martín  Cristina del Barrio 《Infancia y Aprendizaje》2013,36(30):69-79

Resumen

Se examina la comprensión infantil de algunas nociones de la teoría de conjuntos en una muestra de sesenta niños madrileños entre 6 y 11 años de edad. El análisis se centra en la definición y reconocimiento de conjuntos por parte de los niños, la formación de conjuntos a partir de un material dado y la conciencia de la utilidad de los conjuntos y su relación con otras áreas de las Matemáticas. Los resultados indican que más del 50% de los sujetos identifica el conjunto con el diagrama que lo representa y son incapaces de aplicar esas nociones a problemas concretos. Se interpretan estas dificultades a la luz de la descripción piagetiana de los dos tipos de abstracción—empírica y reflexiva—, y los dos tipos de conocimiento—físico y lógico-matemático—a que dan lugar.  相似文献   

Formal music education not only enhances musical skills, but also conceptions of teaching and learning: a study with woodwind students     

Cristina Marín  Nora Scheuer  María-Puy Pérez-Echeverría 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2013,28(3):781-805

This paper studies conceptions of woodwind students regarding learning and teaching music, within the framework of implicit theories. It analyzes whether there are differences related to participants’ instruction level, and whether it is possible to identify profiles according to their conceptions. Sixty-eight students from three different levels at 14 Spanish conservatories took part voluntarily in this study. A multiple-choice questionnaire was used, which comprised 16 dilemmas on different situations typical of learning and teaching music. Three answers were presented for each dilemma, corresponding to the three implicit theories identified in recent years: direct, interpretative, and constructive. For each dilemma, participants were requested to choose the option they most agreed with and the one they least agreed with. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests of independence, multiple correspondence analysis, and ascending hierarchical classification. From the results obtained we can state that as students’ age and level of instruction increase, so does the level of sophistication of their conceptions. Three conceptual profiles were identified: direct, direct-interpretative, and constructive, which are consistent with prior results on conceptions of teaching and learning in other domains. Implications for education are discussed.  相似文献   

Validity and reliability of measures assessing social-cognitive determinants of physical activity in low-active Australian adults     

Richard R. Rosenkranz  Karly S. Geller  Mitch J. Duncan  Cristina M. Caperchione  Corneel Vandelanotte  Anthony J. Maeder 《Measurement in physical education and exercise science》2018,22(4):322-331

This cross-sectional study of 504 community-dwelling Australian adults (328 females, 176 males, mean age 50.8 ± 13.0 years) sought to examine the reliability and validity of measurement scales for physical activity (PA) self-efficacy and outcome expectations. Participants completed demographic and anthropometric measurements, and a 23-item psychosocial questionnaire pertinent to an intervention target of 10,000 steps per day. Exploratory (n = 252) and confirmatory (n = 252) factor analyses were conducted to determine psychometric properties of the measures. Based on theory and goodness-of-fit indices, six factors were extracted from the questionnaire: PA self-efficacy; PA barriers self-efficacy (including general, personal, and conflict); and physical and mental outcome expectations. From confirmatory factor analysis, the model demonstrated good data fit in four out of five indices: CFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.99; SRMR = 0.03; RMSEA = 0.03, 90%CI = 0.01–0.05, χ² = 113.14 (88), p = 0.04; including good fit by sex, age, weight status, education, and birth country. PA interventions can employ our psychometrically sound social cognitive measures.  相似文献   

Successful secondary school principalship in disadvantaged contexts from a leadership for learning perspective     

Cristina Moral  Ana Martín-Romera  Estefanía Martínez-Valdivia  Marta Olmo-Extremera 《School Leadership & Management》2018,38(1):32-52

The paper we present here is part of the International Successful School Principalship Project (ISSPP), which is designed to analyse the characteristic traits of successful leadership in different contexts and countries [Day, C., and K. Leithwood. 2007. Successful School Leadership in Times of Change. Dordrecht: Springer-Kluwer; Day, C., and D. Gurr. 2014. Leading School Successfully. Stories from the Field. London: Routledge]. One subgroup of the Spanish research team participating in the ISSPP at the University of Granada has contributed to the project by carrying out a comparative study of the type of leadership for learning at four secondary schools in disadvantaged contexts. Following ISSPP data collection protocols and using a category system specially designed to analyse the leadership for learning carried out by the four principals, the results show that four secondary schools have principals with a similar traits, dispositions and value systems; however, the secondary schools with the best academic results employed practices and strategies more closely associated with leadership for learning than schools with poorer academic results. The data provided by this study confirm the traits and strategies that the ISSPP has been identifying in successful principals in disadvantaged contexts in various countries. It also serves as a source of reflection and discussion on the type of leadership for learning present in some disadvantaged secondary schools in Spain.  相似文献   

Understanding of graphs in social science undergraduate students: selection and interpretation of graphs     

Mª del Puy Pérez-Echeverría  Cristina Marín 《Irish Educational Studies》2018,37(1):89-111

How do university students understand the graphs that they read in their textbooks? How does their knowledge regarding the content and their statistical training influence this understanding? Does the kind of task demand also influence this understanding? To answer these questions, we asked a group of psychology students and a group of economics students to choose the most suitable graph for presenting the results of different psychological research studies (reports) (selection task) or to explain in words the results of the same reports shown by means of their graphic representations only (interpretation task). The results showed there were very few differences between groups. Most of the students were able to relate textual information to the adequate graph, but also revealed significant shortcomings and mistakes in their understanding of important syntactic aspects of graphs. They also interpreted the graphs correctly but their interpretation had different levels of complexity, which were not always optimal. We also identified significant differences regarding the difficulty of the reports and the kinds of misinterpretations of graphs. The two tasks thus revealed different pictures of students’ skills in reading and interpreting graphs and, consequently, how the characteristics of task demands influence their performance.  相似文献   

A virtual experience to strengthen students' understanding of inference in experimental design          下载免费PDF全文

María Virginia López  María del Carmen Fabrizio  María Cristina Plencovich 《Teaching Statistics》2018,40(3):88-93

Although our students correctly define the terms p‐value, Type I and Type II errors, they sometimes misinterpret results from real data. In this work we present an assignment intended to clear up these misconceptions.  相似文献   

Approaches and Methodologies for a Course on History and Epistemology of Physics: Analyzing the Experience of a Brazilian University     

Katemari Rosa  Maria Cristina Martins 《Science & Education》2009,18(1):149-155

This paper is an analysis of inserting history and philosophy of science (HPS) in a physics undergraduate program at a Brazilian university. It is an examination of the approaches and methodologies adopted by professors of a History and Epistemology course. The course aims to have an explicit approach to HPS. The results suggest a concern of the Physics Institute regarding inserting these questions into physics teacher training programs. The study also uncovered that the professors who taught the subject had different visions of HPS.  相似文献   

Development of reading prosody in school-age Spanish children: a longitudinal study     

Marta Álvarez-Cañizo  Cristina Martínez-García  Fernando Cuetos  Paz Suárez-Coalla 《Journal of Research in Reading》2020,43(1):1-18

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Mastery and exercise play interventions: motor skill development and verbal recall of children with and without disabilities     

Nadia Cristina Valentini  Licia Pierosan  Mary E. Rudisill  Peter A. Hastie 《Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy》2017,22(4):349-363

Background: Fundamental motor skill proficiency is essential for engagement in sports and physical play and in the development of a healthy lifestyle. Children with motor delays (with and without disabilities) lack the motor skills necessary to participate in games and physical activity, and tend to spend more time as onlookers than do their peers. As such, intervention programs are crucial in promoting motor skill development of children with motor delays. While mastery climate (MC) interventions have shown to positively impact children’s motor performance, what is unknown is the impact of cognitive strategies used by children within these climates. Furthermore, although vigorous play seems to be related to the development of gross motor skills, it is still unknown if children with and without disabilities would benefit from exercise play (EP) interventions.

Purpose: This study examined the effects of MC and EP interventions on the motor skill development and verbal recall (VR) of children with motor delays. The sample included children with and without disabilities.

Research designs: One hundred and thirty-eight children from 27 urban public schools were referred to the present study. Children were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development second edition (TGMD-2) and a VR checklist. Sixty-four children (18 with disabilities and 46 without) met the inclusion criteria, which was a score less than the fifth percentile on the TGMD-2. Participants were randomly assigned to the MC or EP 14-week interventions emphasizing gross motor skill practice.

Data collection and analysis: Children were assessed at pre- and post-intervention. A 2 (groups)?×?2 (disability) × 2 (time) analyses of variance with repeated measures on the last factor was conducted. Change scores, t-test comparisons on the delta scores and Cohen’s D were also calculated.

Results: The MC group demonstrated significant and positive changes over the intervention period. Further, the MC group showed superior locomotor and object control performance and higher recall of verbal cues (p?≤?.05) at post-intervention compared to the EP group. Children with and without disabilities within the MC showed similar patterns of improvement. The EP intervention did not demonstrate significant improvements.

Conclusion: Children with and without disabilities showed improvements in motor skills and VR when exposed to an MC, incorporating the six TARGET structures. These structures included (a) providing feedback and encouragement, providing opportunities for decision-making and establishing personal goals, (b) including parents in the recognition of children’s achievements, (c) creating opportunities to experience leadership and self-pacing, (d) guiding children to use verbal cues and modeling when practicing gross motor skills, and (e) providing demonstrations and teaching children to self-monitor their performance. Instruction is therefore seen as critical to learning gross motor skills, as demonstrated from the findings. Although there were opportunities for vigorous play within the EP intervention, the children did not show improvements in motor performance or VR. These findings suggest that new trends in teacher education physical education to prioritize physical activity over good motor skill instruction may not be advantageous for children in the early years, and should be reconsidered.  相似文献