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61.
Modularity and innovation in knowledge-intensive business services: IT outsourcing in Germany and the UK 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Drawing on an empirical study of IT outsourcing in the UK and Germany, this paper explores the lessons for modularity that can be drawn from the outsourcing of knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS). Because of the inseparability of information and production technologies, IT outsourcing is frequently accompanied by wider transformations in clients’ production technologies. This results in the need for knowledge and organisational coordination in the form of the transfer of staff from the client and the retained IT organisation. Modularity is often presented as a design strategy that stimulates innovation. Our research findings challenge the generalisability of this claim when examining KIBS outsourcing. We show that intangibility of services exacerbates the conflicts between clients and suppliers, which may present obstacles to innovation. 相似文献
62.
We used data from international cycle stage races to examine a rule for cyclists that is similar to Naismith's rule. Naismith's rule is used by walkers to estimate travel times for routes involving climb (i.e. the vertical distance component of a route). The rule is also used in route choice decision-making to compare differing, competing routes. We developed such a rule for use in cycling events, and also considered an extension of the climb-distance rule to take account of the effect of type of terrain or rideability. A simple analysis of the data suggests that 1 m of vertical travel on a bicycle can be considered to be equivalent to approximately 8 m of horizontal travel. Thus the equivalent distance of a route may be calculated by taking its horizontal distance component and adding eight times its vertical distance component. The result obtained was shown to be in accord with mathematical models that relate cycling power to speed and gradient. An index that considers the effect of terrain is also reported, and incorporated into an equivalent distance model. Tentative values for the terrain or rideability index are suggested, and we argue that a distance of 1 km over good off-road terrain is equivalent to a distance of 2 km on-road, and that a distance of 1 km over poor off-road terrain is equivalent to a distance of 4 km on-road. 相似文献
63.
Damian?P.?BirneyEmail author Gerard?J.?Fogarty Ashley?Plank 《Instructional Science》2005,33(4):341-366
The ability to identify schematic knowledge is an important goal for both assessment and instruction. In the current paper, schematic knowledge of statistical probability theory is explored from the declarative-procedural framework using multiple methods of assessment. A sample of 90 undergraduate introductory statistics students was required to classify 10 pairs of probability problems as similar or different; to identify whether 15 problems contained sufficient, irrelevant, or missing information (text-edit); and to solve 10 additional problems. The complexity of the schema on which the problems were based was also manipulated. Detailed analyses compared text-editing and solution accuracy as a function of text-editing category and schema complexity. Results showed that text-editing tends to be easier than solution and differentially sensitive to schema complexity. While text-editing and classification were correlated with solution, only text-editing problems with missing information uniquely predicted success. In light of previous research these results suggest that text-editing is suitable for supplementing the assessment of schematic knowledge in development. 相似文献
64.
The quality of teaching and learning via videoconferencing 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Damian Knipe & Maria Lee 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2002,33(3):301-311
Now that videoconferencing is being widely used for the delivery of mass lectures between sites, there is concern that the quality of teaching and learning experienced, using this method of delivery, is not as good as that experienced in a traditional classroom situation. The study aimed to investigate this concern by using a research diary to collect information on classroom activities and cognitive outcomes which students at local and remote sites experienced over a ten–week period. The results indicated that remote site students did not experience the same quality of teaching and learning as local site students. 相似文献
65.
Samuel D. Todd Jonathan D. Wiles Damian A. Coleman 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2020,19(3):353-365
AbstractDuring practice and competition, golfers are required to use submaximal effort to hit the ball a given distance, i.e., perform a partial shot. While the full golf swing has undergone extensive research, little has addressed partial shots and the biomechanical modifications golfers employ. This study investigates the biomechanical changes between full and partial swings, and determines if the partial swing is a scaled version of the full swing. Using a repeated measures design, 13 male golfers completed a minimum of 10 swings in the full and partial swing conditions, whilst club, ball, kinematic, and kinetic parameters were recorded. Large and statistically significant reductions in body motion (centre of pressure ellipse: 33.0%, p = 0.004, d = 2.26), combined with moderate reductions in lateral shift (25.5%, p = 0.004, d = 0.33) and smaller reductions in trunk rotation (arm to vertical at top of backswing: 14.1%, p = 0.002, d = 2.58) indicate golfers favour larger reductions in proximal measures, combined with diminished reductions as variables moved distally. Furthermore, the partial swing was not found to be a scaled version of the full swing implying a new approach to coaching practices might be considered. 相似文献
66.
James Siddle Matt Greig Kristian Weaver Richard Michael Page Damian Harper 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(8):911-920
This randomised controlled trial investigated changes in eccentric hamstring strength, 10m sprint speed, and change-of-direction (COD) performance immediately post Nordic hamstring curl (NHC) intervention and following a 3-week detraining period.
Fourteen male team sports athletes were randomised to a do-as-usual control group (CG; n = 7) or to a NHC intervention group (NHC; n = 7). Isokinetic dynamometry at 180°/s evaluated eccentric hamstring strength immediately post-intervention as the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcomes included 10 m sprint time and COD. Each outcome was measured, pre, immediately post-intervention and following a 3-week detraining period.
Immediately post-intervention significant group differences were observed in the NHC group for eccentric hamstring strength (31.81 Nm?1 vs. 6.44 Nm?1, P = 0.001), COD (?0.12 s vs. 0.20 s; P = 0.003) and sprint (- 0.06 s vs. 0.05 s; P = 0.024) performance. Performance improvements were maintained following a detraining period for COD (?0.11 s vs. 0.20 s; P = 0.014) and sprint (?0.05 s vs. 0.03 s, P = 0.031) but not eccentric hamstring strength (15.67 Nm?1 vs. 6.44 Nm?1, P = 0.145) These findings have important implications for training programmes designed to reduce hamstring injury incidence, whilst enhancing physical qualities critical to sport. 相似文献
67.
Hamilton Lee David T. Martin Judith M. Anson Damian Grundy Allan G. Hahn 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(12):1001-1008
The aims of this study were to compare the physiological and anthropometric characteristics of successful mountain bikers and professional road cyclists and to re-examine the power-to-weight characteristics of internationally competitive mountain bikers. Internationally competitive cyclists (seven mountain bikers and seven road cyclists) completed the following tests: anthropometric measurements, an incremental cycle ergometer test and a 30 min laboratory time-trial. The mountain bikers were lighter (65.3 - 6.5 vs 74.7 - 3.8 kg, P = 0.01; mean - s ) and leaner than the road cyclists (sum of seven skinfolds: 33.9 - 5.7 vs 44.5 - 10.8 mm, P = 0.04). The mountain bikers produced higher power outputs relative to body mass at maximal exercise (6.3 - 0.5 vs 5.8 - 0.3 W·kg -1 , P = 0.03), at the lactate threshold (5.2 - 0.6 vs 4.7 - 0.3 W·kg -1 , P = 0.048) and during the 30 min time-trial (5.5 - 0.5 vs 4.9 - 0.3 W·kg -1 , P = 0.02). Similarly, peak oxygen uptake relative to body mass was higher in the mountain bikers (78.3 - 4.4 vs 73.0 - 3.4 ml·kg -1 ·min -1 , P = 0.03). The results indicate that high power-to-weight characteristics are important for success in mountain biking. The mountain bikers possessed similar anthropometric and physiological characteristics to previously studied road cycling uphill specialists. 相似文献
68.
Jonathan D. Wiles Damian Coleman Michael Tegerdine Ian L. Swaine 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(11):1165-1171
Abstract There is little published data in relation to the effects of caffeine upon cycling performance, speed and power in trained cyclists, especially during cycling of ～60 s duration. To address this, eight trained cyclists performed a 1 km time-trial on an electronically braked cycle ergometer under three conditions: after ingestion of 5 mg · kg?1 caffeine, after ingestion of a placebo, or a control condition. The three time-trials were performed in a randomized order and performance time, mean speed, mean power and peak power were determined. Caffeine ingestion resulted in improved performance time (caffeine vs. placebo vs. control: 71.1 ± 2.0 vs. 73.4 ± 2.3 vs. 73.3 ± 2.7 s; P = 0.02; mean ± s). This change represented a 3.1% (95% confidence interval: 0.7–5.6) improvement compared with the placebo condition. Mean speed was also higher in the caffeine than placebo and control conditions (caffeine vs. placebo vs. control: 50.7 ± 1.4 vs. 49.1 ± 1.5 vs. 49.2 ± 1.7 km · h?1; P = 0.0005). Mean power increased after caffeine ingestion (caffeine vs. placebo vs. control: 523 ± 43 vs. 505 ± 46 vs. 504 ± 38 W; P = 0.007). Peak power also increased from 864 ± 107 W (placebo) and 830 ± 87 W (control) to 940 ± 83 W after caffeine ingestion (P = 0.027). These results provide support for previous research that found improved performance after caffeine ingestion during short-duration high-intensity exercise. The magnitude of the improvements observed in our study could be due to our use of sport-specific ergometry, a tablet form and trained participants. 相似文献
69.
AbstractQuiet eye (QE) is a robust phenomenon in golf putting and expert players frequently demonstrate longer QE periods (i.e., the final fixation prior to the onset of the putting motion) relative to their less-skilled counterparts. In this experiment we used a pre-test/post-test design to determine whether we could use novel training aids and instructions to elicit acute changes in QE behaviour after a brief intervention. Three techniques were used: a marker under the ball, a hole-focus instruction, and a novel putting device – the putting box of science (PBoS). We compared gaze behaviour before and after 30 practice putts and found significant changes in QE duration in the absence of concomitant changes in putting performance. The control (?18 ms) and PBoS (+198 ms) groups did not change, the hole-focus group (?287 ms) had a decrease in QE duration, and the marker group (+366 ms) increased in QE duration. These finding are discussed relative to current QE training programs and the implications for development of evidence-based training aids with coach consultation. 相似文献
70.
Implementation of a modified sport programme to increase participation: Key stakeholder perspectives
ABSTRACTModified sports, whereby equipment and rules are manipulated to facilitate skill performance, have been shown to promote skill learning and potentially increase participation. However, it is currently unexplored how key stakeholders – coaches and key figures working in National associations – who are critical stakeholders in implementing and delivering sport programmes, perceive modified sport. This study explored how tennis coaches and key figures working within tennis National associations perceived the impact of implementing a modified tennis campaign on participation and skill development in children and adults. Key figures and coaches around the world completed an online questionnaire. Both groups considered that modified tennis was positively associated with increasing and sustaining participation, skill learning, talent development and people’s attitude towards tennis. Furthermore, participants thought that a rule change (i.e., use of a low-compression ball in children competitions) and the campaign’s core messages (i.e., “serve, rally, score” and “easy, fun, and healthy”) have been critical for the success of the campaign. These results support previous research on the positive impact of modified tennis on skill development and provide a further impetus on implementing modified sports to increase participation. Other sports can adopt similar strategies to improve their modified programmes. 相似文献