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981.
982.
Editor's Note: We are pleased to reprint the following remarks from the Thursday, 1 August 1991,Congressional Record  相似文献   
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Cultural Studies of Science Education - Science education should help children acquire sophisticated understandings about science, how it is done, and how they can be scientists. Consequently,...  相似文献   
985.
This article examines how drama education strategies enrich children’s understanding and excitement of a story before they read, preparing them for a deeper exploration and appreciation of the story. Following a book’s basic storyline, drama strategies guide children through an honest, spontaneous enactment of a story’s key events without slavishly recreating them. Children become engaged in a character’s plight by making it their own, facing each situation with a similar sense of surprise and excitement. Afterwards, the children have a rich, parallel experience from which they then approach reading the book.  相似文献   
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The determination of a cyclist’s lactate threshold (LT) has become an important test performed in sports science laboratories around the world. A limitation of such testing is that it is relatively expensive and invasive, requiring multiple blood samples. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate a commercially available, wearable lactate threshold sensor (WLT) that uses near infrared LED technology to measure gastrocnemius muscle oxygenation and predict LT. The WLT was compared to four traditional calculations of determining LT following an incremental exercise test. Ten male and five female recreational to elite cyclists (mean ± SD; age 24 ± 8, body mass 69.7 ± 7.3 kg, VO2max; 59.7 ± 9.9 ml kg?1 min?1) performed an incremental cycling test to exhaustion. Blood lactate samples were taken at the end of each 3-min stage during the test to determine lactate threshold using four traditional methods (TradLT, Dmax, mDmax, OBLA). Traditional methods were then compared against the WLT predicted value. The correlation between the WLT and TradLT, Dmax, mDmax and OBLA were all >r = 0.96. The highest level of agreement for the WLT was with the Dmax method (95 % limits of agreement: ±17 W, TEE = 8.6 W, 4.4 %). The 95 % level of agreement between the WLT and all other traditional methods was <±40 W (TEE <18 W, 8 %). In summary, the WLT is practical, easy to use and exhibits an acceptable level of agreement with four of the traditionally accepted methods of determining lactate threshold.  相似文献   
987.
This study investigates the American presence and influences in the physical education press to understand the way in which that presence influenced and contributed to the production of a sports culture in the first half of the twentieth century. As historical sources, the study uses periodicals in the field that were published in the period 1932–1950. As a theoretical frame of reference, it uses the repertoire of the New Cultural History in terms of strategy, tactics and devices. It is written in a narrative way, following Ginzburg's style, presenting data and contextualizing them with the historic scene. Clues enabled us to infer that the American presence, which was catalysed by the Brazilian Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), sought to shape a sports culture from physical education and society. This effort reflected the yearning of Brazilian intellectuals for modernisation and an attempt at cultural colonisation by the government of the USA.  相似文献   
988.
The number of football referees in England has declined significantly over recent years, posing a threat to the future of competitive soccer. This exploratory study investigates the factors which influence referee’s intention to quit the game. Unstructured qualitative interviews (N?=?12) were conducted with 3 past and 9 present referees. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using inductive content analysis. Three higher order dimensions emerged: Organizational factors (e.g. support, training and feedback on performance), Personal factors (e.g. psychological impact, intention to quit and personal benefits) and Match factors (e.g. psychological intimidation, physical intimidation and RESPECT protocol). Organizational factors were cited more than any others in relation to intention to quit and thus, ultimately, have the most impact on attrition. Ways in which the findings might inform efforts to retain referees are discussed.  相似文献   
989.
This study aimed to correlate, compare, and determine the reliability of force, velocity, and power values collected with a force plate (FP) and a linear transducer during loaded jumps. Twenty-three swimmers performed an incremental loading test at 25, 50, 75, and 100% of their own body weight on a FP. A linear velocity transducer (LVT) was attached to the bar to assess the peak and the mean values of force, velocity, and power. Both the peak variables (r = 0.94 – 0.99 for peak force, r = 0.83 – 0.91 for peak velocity, and r = 0.90–0.94 for peak power; p < 0.001) and the mean variables (r = 0.96–0.99 for mean force, r = 0.87–0.89 for mean velocity, and r = 0.93–0.96 for mean power; p < 0.001) were strongly correlated between both measurement tools. Differences in the shape of the force-, velocity-, and power-time curves were observed. The LVT data showed a steeper increase in these variables at the beginning of the movement, while the FP recorded larger values in the latter part. Peak values were more reliable than mean values. These results suggest that the LVT is a valid tool for the assessment of loaded squat jump.  相似文献   
990.
This study aimed to determine whether kinematic data during countermovement jump (CMJ) might explain post-activation potentiation (PAP) phenomenon after an exhausting running test. Thirty-three trained endurance runners performed the Léger Test; an incremental test which consists of continuous running between two lines 20 m apart. CMJ performance was determined before (pre-test) and immediately after the protocol (post-test). Sagittal plane, video of CMJs was recorded and kinematic data were obtained throughout 2-Dimensional analysis. In addition to the duration of eccentric and concentric phases of CMJ, hip, knee and ankle angles were measured at four key points during CMJ: the lowest position of the squat, take-off, landing, and at the lowest position after landing. Additionally, heart rate was monitored, and rate of perceived exertion was recorded at post-test. Analysis of variance revealed a significant improvement in CMJ (p = 0.002) at post-test. Cluster analysis grouped according to whether PAP was experienced (responders group: RG, n = 25) or not (non-responders group: NRG, n = 8) relative to CMJ change from rest to post-test. RG significantly improved (p < 0.001) the performance in CMJ, whereas NRG remained unchanged. Kinematic data did not show significant differences between RG and NRG. Thus, the data suggest that jumping kinematic does not provide the necessary information to explain PAP phenomenon after intensive running exercises in endurance athletes.  相似文献   
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