Effects of pretraining on acquisition of novel configural discriminations in human predictive learning     

Rick Mehta  Emily Russell 《Learning & behavior》2009,37(4):311-324

In two experiments, participants acquired one of two target configural discriminations (a biconditional or negative patterning discrimination) in a predictive learning task. In Experiment 1, participants were pretrained with either a configural or an elemental discrimination; in Experiment 2, they were pretrained with a configural discrimination, an elemental discrimination, or a control discrimination that was not expected to bias them toward elemental or configural processing. In both experiments, acquisition of the target configural discriminations was faster after configural pretraining than after elemental pretraining. In addition, the negative patterning discrimination was acquired faster than the biconditional discrimination. Finally, the results of Experiment 2 were more consistent with the notion that elemental pretraining hindered acquisition of the target discriminations than with the notion that configural pretraining enhanced their acquisition. Implications of these findings are discussed.  相似文献   

An intervention for relational and physical aggression in early childhood: A preliminary study     

Jamie M. Ostrov  Greta M. Massetti  Kirstin Stauffacher  Stephanie A. Godleski  Katie C. Hart  Kathryn M. Karch  Adam D. Mullins  Emily E. Ries 《Early childhood research quarterly》2009

A preventive intervention for reducing physical and relational aggression, peer victimization, and increasing prosocial behavior was developed for use in early childhood classrooms. Nine classrooms were randomly assigned to be intervention rooms (N = 202 children) and nine classrooms were control rooms (N = 201 children). Classroom was the unit of analysis and both observations and teacher-reports were obtained at pre and post-test. Focus groups were used to develop the initial program. The 6-week program consisted of developmentally appropriate puppet shows, active participatory sessions, passive concept activities and in vivo reinforcement periods. Preliminary findings suggest that the “Early Childhood Friendship Project” tended to reduce physical and relational aggression, as well as physical and relational victimization and tended to increase prosocial behavior more for intervention than control classrooms. Teachers and interventionists provided positive evaluations of the program and there is evidence for appropriate program implementation.  相似文献   

Responsibility and the publishing industry     

Emily GILLINGHAM  Sarah BIRD 《Learned Publishing》2009,22(4):321-322

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Infants of Depressed Mothers Exhibit Atypical Frontal Electrical Brain Activity during Interactions with Mother and with a Familiar, Nondepressed Adult     

Geraldine Dawson  Karin Frey  Heracles Panagiotides  Emily Yamada  David Hessl  & Julie Osterling 《Child development》1999,70(5):1058-1066

Previous studies have shown that infants of depressed mothers exhibit atypical frontal brain electrical activity when they are interacting with their mothers. Whereas typically developing infants exhibit greater left versus right frontal brain activity, infants of depressed mothers have been found to exhibit reduced relative left frontal activity. The left frontal brain region has been associated with the expression of positive emotions. In the present study, the question of whether the atypical pattern of brain activity found in infants of depressed mothers generalizes to situations not involving mother was addressed. Brain electrical activity was recorded from 13- to 15-month-old infants of depressed (N = 59) versus nondepressed (N = 40) mothers during a baseline condition, and during several social conditions that included a playful social interaction with a familiar experiments. Infants of depressed mothers exhibited reduced left relative to right frontal activity during the baseline condition, and during interactions with their mothers and with the familiar experimenter. The present results suggest that the atypical pattern of electrical brain activity found in infants of depressed mothers generalizes to a variety of situations, including positive interactions with nondepressed adults.  相似文献   

COLLEGE CHEATING IN JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Diekhoff  George M.  Labeff  Emily E.  Shinohara  Kohei  Yasukawa  Hajime 《Research in higher education》1999,40(3):343-353

This paper reports the results of a survey onacademic dishonesty given to samples of 392 American and276 Japanese college students in 1994 and 1995. Our datarevealed both cross-cultural differences and similarities in cheating behavior andattitudes. Compared to American students, Japanesestudents reported a higher incidence rate of cheating onexams, a greater tendency to neutralize (i.e., justify) cheating, and a greater passivity in theirreactions to the observed cheating of others. Amongcheaters of both nationalities, Japanese students ratedsocial stigma and fear of punishment as less effective in deterring cheating than did Americanstudents. Our data also revealed cross-culturalsimilarities. Among noncheaters of both nationalities,guilt was the most effective deterrent. Among cheatersof both nationalities, fear of punishment was the mosteffective deterrent. And students of both cultures,cheaters and noncheaters alike, viewed social stigma asthe least effective deterrent to cheating. In both cultures, most students react to cheating byignoring it, about one-third react by resenting it, andactive reactions (i.e., reporting the cheating orconfronting the cheater) were seldom reported.Explanations for cross-cultural differences are suggested,and implications of these findings for efforts to reducecheating are discussed.  相似文献   

I: INTRODUCTION     

Caroline Floccia  Thomas D. Sambrook  Claire Delle Luche  Rosa Kwok  Jeremy Goslin  Laurence White  Allegra Cattani  Emily Sullivan  Kirsten Abbot-Smith  Andrea Krott  Debbie Mills  Caroline Rowland  Judit Gervain  Kim Plunkett 《Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development》2018,83(1):7-29

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Student Employment as a High-Impact Practice in Academic Libraries: A Systematic Review     

Rosan Mitola  Erin Rinto  Emily Pattni 《The Journal of Academic Librarianship》2018,44(3):352-373

This study is a systematic literature review of student employment in academic libraries. The review aimed to identify the extent to which academic libraries treat student employment as a High-Impact Practice. Focusing on articles, books, and ACRL conference proceedings published from 1997 to 2017, 216 publications were reviewed. Utilizing the work of George Kuh as a framework, publications were coded so as to identify the characteristics of highly effective educational practices demonstrated in each publication's student employment program. Findings show that student employment programs consistently align with High-Impact Practices in regards to faculty and peer interaction, time, and effort; we also found gaps in the student employment literature regarding professional development and training, mentoring, diversity, and the transferability of work experiences to other contexts. Further research is needed to articulate the impact student employment has on student success.  相似文献   

Mortal or Moodle? A Comparison of In-person vs. Online Information Literacy Instruction     

Emily F. Gorman  Catherine Staley 《Journal of Library & Information Services in Distance Learning》2018,12(3-4):219-236

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of online and in-person instructional methods for teaching research skills, as well as to determine student preferences for each method. Undergraduate students received librarian-led research skills instruction either through an online course management system or in person at the library. Students were surveyed about their experience and format preference, and their grades on a subsequent literature review assignment were collected. The online group’s scores were significantly (p?=?0.002) higher, and a majority of eligible participants stated a preference for the online format. Many of the students in both groups reported increased skills and confidence in conducting speech-language-hearing science research following the library instruction. The results of this study support the possibility that online instruction may be more effective than in-person for improving performance on a literature review assignment and is preferred by on-campus students for learning information literacy skills.  相似文献   

Across the campuses and around the globe: Reaching online learners through high-level embedded librarianship     

Lori Lysiak  Emily Mross  Victoria Raish 《Journal of Library & Information Services in Distance Learning》2018,12(1-2):13-34

In response to strategic and administrative goals, a large R1 public university with 24 campuses developed a programmatic embedded librarian pilot in 2016. This pilot provided high-level embedded librarianship to a growing online education program with learners located domestically and abroad. Embedded teams included librarians at regional campuses, instructional designers, and course faculty. Together the teams created new support systems and resources for online learners. This case study offers reflections and considerations for a team-based approach to high-level embedded librarianship online. Ultimately, the authors determined that successful programmatic embedded librarianship must be strategic and intentional with carefully cultivated, team-designed courses.  相似文献   

An application of the knowledge management maturity model: the case of credit unions     

Alexander?SerenkoEmail author  Nick?Bontis  Emily?Hull 《知识管理研究与实践》2016,14(3):338-352

The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of knowledge management (KM) maturity of credit unions. The application of a maturity model to 15 credit unions in North America revealed that an overall level of KM maturity is at an early stage of development, but there are signs of future improvement. Credit unions operate in a highly competitive, knowledge-intensive financial industry and experience various pressures to increase their efficiency, which they can achieve through the implementation of KM solutions. Despite the absence of official KM strategies, KM projects were introduced locally in order to fill particular knowledge gaps. The availability of IT infrastructure and the implementation of KM-related technologies alone are insufficient to ensure universal success of organizational KM activities. Credit union managers periodically access and use academic research in their decision making. At the same time, they prefer accessing scholarly knowledge in translated form from books, practitioner magazines, and consultants. It was concluded that organizations competing in the knowledge-intensive sector have an inner need for KM solutions.  相似文献