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81.
82.
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between shot valence, avoidance behavior, and performance in soccer penalty shootouts. Video analyses were conducted with all penalty shootouts ever held in the World Cup, the European Championships, and the UEFA Champions League (n = 36 shootouts, 359 kicks). Shot valence was assessed from the potential consequences of a shot outcome as follows: Shots where a goal instantly leads to victory were classified as positive valence shots and shots where a miss instantly leads to loss as negative valence shots. Avoidance behavior was defined as looking away from the goalkeeper or preparing the shot quickly (thus speeding up the wait). The results showed that avoidance behavior occurred more with negative valence shots than with positive shots and that players with negative valence shots performed worse than those with positive shots. Thus, avoidance motivation may help explain why professional athletes occasionally choke under pressure. 相似文献
83.
Kicks from the penalty mark in soccer: the roles of stress, skill, and fatigue for kick outcomes 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The soccer "penalty shootout" in the knock-out phase of major international tournaments is one of the most dramatic events in international soccer. The outcome of these kicks is typically attributed to factors such as psychology (e.g. coping with stress), skill (e.g. kicking technique), physiology (e.g. overcoming the fatigue of 120 min play), and chance (e.g. in what direction the goalkeeper moves). The purpose of this study was to use internet game record data to estimate the relative importance of these performance components for the outcome of penalty kicks in international matches. Data were collected from soccer statistics internet sites on all 41 penalty shootouts and 409 kicks taken in the World Cup, European Championships, and Copa America between 1976 and 2004. The results showed that the importance of the kicks (indicative of stress) was negatively related to the outcomes of the kicks, whereas skill and fatigue were less, or not, related to outcome. It was concluded that psychological components are most influential for the outcome of penalty kicks. We recommend that practitioners work with players to reduce the perceived importance of each kick. 相似文献
84.
85.
This paper firstly identifies the major legacies inherited by the post-colonial government in Hong Kong, with reference to the key features of access, control and curriculum. Subsequently we examine the state's attempts to reconcile the tension between its quest for legitimacy and for stability. Two dimensions of education, namely the process of educational policy making and the nature of citizenship promoted through the school curriculum, are analysed in terms of the conceptions of civic participation and identity promoted and implemented by the state. In conclusion we point to the shift in the policy making process and the strengthening of policy actions designed to promote the state's conception of civic identity. 相似文献
86.
This paper focuses on the extent to which the development of ESL (English as a Second Language) word recognition skills mimics
similar trajectories in same-aged EL1 (English as a First Language) children, and the extent to which phonological processing
skills and rapid naming can be used to predict word recognition performance in ESL children. Two cohorts of Grade 1 ESL and
EL1 primary-level children were followed for two consecutive years. Results indicated that vocabulary knowledge, a measure
of language proficiency, and nonverbal intelligence were not significant predictors of word recognition in either group. Yet,
by considering individual differences in phonological awareness and rapid naming, it was possible to predict substantial amounts
of variance on word recognition performance six months and one year later in both language groups. Commonality analyses indicated
that phonological awareness and rapid naming contributed unique variance to word recognition performance. Moreover, the profiles
of not at-risk children in the EL1 and ESL groups were similar on all but the oral language measure, where EL1 children had
the advantage. In addition, EL1 and ESL profiles of children who had word-recognition difficulty were similar, with low performance
on rapid naming and phonological awareness. Results indicate that these measures are reliable indicators of potential reading
disability among ESL children. 相似文献
87.
This article analyzes the values selected for promotion in a key component of the intended curriculum of Hong Kong schools, namely the Guidelines on Civic Education produced in 1985 and 1996. The first section of the article examines the range of antecedents that have influenced the value orientations evident in the cirruculum. Secondly, the article examines the values that are promoted through various manifestations of the planned curriculum for civics educaiton. The final section focuses on questions of implementation. 相似文献
88.
Reading and Writing - The original publication of the article contained an error. 相似文献
89.
90.