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71.
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This study explored Ridley and Novak's (1983) hypothesis that gender differences in science achievement are due to differences in rote and meaningful learning modes. To test this hypothesis, we examined gender differences in fifth- and sixth-grade students' (N = 213) self-reports of confidence, motivation goals (task mastery, ego, and work avoidance), and learning strategies (active and superficial) in whole-class and small-group science lessons. Overall, the results revealed few gender differences. Compared with girls, boys reported greater confidence in their science abilities. Average-achieving girls reported greater use of meaningful learning strategies than did their male counterparts, whereas low-ability boys reported a stronger mastery orientation than did low-ability girls. The results further showed that students report greater confidence and mastery motivation in small-group than whole-class lessons. In contrast, students reported greater work avoidance in whole-class than small-group lessons. In general, the findings provide little support for Ridley and Novak's hypothesis that girls tend to engage in rote-level learning in science classes. Differences in self-reports of motivation and strategy-use patterns were more strongly related to the student's ability level and to the structure of learning activities (small group vs. whole class) than to gender. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
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Lockwood KL Frost G 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2007,6(2):145-154
This study assessed changes in selected physiological and kinematic variables over 6 weeks of treadmill skating in an effort to understand the process of habituation to this novel training modality. Seven male, Atom-A hockey players who were injury-free and had no previous treadmill skating experience participated in the study. Players performed four 1-min skating bouts at progressively increasing speeds, each week, for 6 weeks. One speed (10.5 km/h) was repeated weekly to allow for assessment of the habituation process. Our criteria for habituation were: a decrease in stride rate, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion, and an increase in stride length, trunk angle and vertical movement of the centre of mass, leading to a plateau, over the course of the 6-week study. Significant decreases were seen in stride rate, heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion, and significant increases were found in stride length. Some of these changes were evident after only one week of training and all were present by week 4. After 6 weeks (24 min) of exposure to treadmill skating, all participants displayed a visibly more efficient skating style. 相似文献
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Dr. Gail Ruppert Houle 《Early Childhood Education Journal》1996,23(4):197-200
The field of special education has primary responsibility for providing specialized services to young children with disabilities
in the schools. Increasingly, it is recognized that many disabilities identified among young children may be attributable
to environmental variables, such as violence, poverty, toxic materials exposure, and family dysfunction. Issues of violence
hold particular relevance for special education professionals. Recent studies report that young children with disabilities
are 1.7 times more likely to be victims of maltreatment than children without disabilities. For children with disabilities
living with the effects of violence, the infrastructure of special education as it is now developing may be the most promising
approach to individual and systems intervention. Comprehensive community-based initiatives are replacing fragmented practices.
The new collaborations can multiply the results of intervention or support programs beyond those attainable through any single
approach.
Views expressed in this article are solely those of the author and do not reflect policies of the U.S. Department of Education. 相似文献
79.
In a discrete-trial two-choice conditional discrimination task, pigeons which received food for a correct choice following the presentation of one cue and water for a correct choice following another cue performed better than pigeons which received food and water equally often in both cases when delays of several seconds intervened between the conditional cue and choice stimuli presentations. These results suggest that feedback properties of reinforcer-specific expectancies can be important in conditional discrimination learning in pigeons. An additional finding was that wild-caught pigeons regularly exhibited a higher percentage of correct choices than domestic subjects. 相似文献
80.
Vines G 《New scientist (1971)》1986,110(1505):26-27