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31.
Jan Helge Kallestad Dan Olweus Francoise Alsaker 《School Effectiveness & School Improvement》2013,24(1):70-94
Using a set of data derived from 42 schools at two points in time and a widely accepted definition of organizational climate, a number of methodological and substantive issues relating to school climate were explored. Via principal component analysis, four dimensions of school climate were identified. In approaching the key issue, under what conditions it is meaningful to speak of a climate dimension as a characteristic of the school (and not some lower‐level unit), it is tentatively proposed that a climate dimension has a ‘unit reliability’ of .15 or more and an ‘aggregate reliability’ of at least .35 in order to be considered a school characteristic. Furthermore, the “longitudinal relative consistency” or stability of the dimensions was examined. It was found that at least three of the dimensions were relatively enduring over time, as they should be according to the definition of school climate. Multilevel analyses suggested that the teacher reports of school climate were fairly robust and generalizable. The thinking and findings in this article are related to recent work in the school improvement and effectiveness field. 相似文献
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The teleological bias, a major learning obstacle, involves explaining biological phenomena in terms of purposes and goals. To probe the teleological bias, researchers have used acceptance judgement tasks and preference judgement tasks. In the present study, such tasks were used with German high school students (N?=?353) for 10 phenomena from human biology, that were explained both teleologically and causally. A sub-sample (n?=?26) was interviewed about the reasons for their preferences. The results showed that the students favoured teleological explanations over causal explanations. Although the students explained their preference judgements etiologically (i.e. teleologically and causally), they also referred to a wide range of non-etiological criteria (i.e. familiarity, complexity, relevance and five more criteria). When elaborating on their preference for causal explanations, the students often focused not on the causality of the phenomenon, but on mechanisms whose complexity they found attractive. When explaining their preference for teleological explanations, they often focused not teleologically on purposes and goals, but rather on functions, which they found familiar and relevant. Generally, students’ preference judgements rarely allowed for making inferences about causal reasoning and teleological reasoning, an issue that is controversial in the literature. Given that students were largely unaware of causality and teleology, their attention must be directed towards distinguishing between etiological and non-etiological reasoning. Implications for educational practice as well as for future research are discussed. 相似文献
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During the last two decades, science studies have increasingly been dominated by ideas related to social constructivism and the sociology of scientific knowledge. This paper offers a critical examination of some of the basic claims of this branch of science studies and argues that social constructivists cannot explain some of the most characteristic features of the physical sciences. The implications of social constructivism for science education are considered. I conclude that if education in physics consistently followed the philosophy of sociology of scientific knowledge in its more extreme versions it would mean the end of physics. However, the rejection of social constructivism does not imply a rejection of social or cultural studies of science or their value in science education. 相似文献
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Thomas M. Skovholt Michael Helge Rønnestad Len Jennings 《Educational Psychology Review》1997,9(4):361-369
The expertise literature within cognitive science has provided a rich series of ideas which can be used to improve applied practice. The authors of the articles in this special issue have taken many of these ideas and made useful elaborations and extensions. In reaction to the articles, we suggest five blocks to a full utilization of the expertise literature and other constructs in practitioner development. These blocks are: (a) the need to go beyond the cognitive realm to the working alliance for the fundamental construct in the domain; (b) the need to realize that the novice-to-expert path takes a long time—perhaps 15 years—to travel; (c) the inappropriate use of a short experience differential in comparative studies of novices and experts; (d) the importance of reflection for development; and (e) the need for professors, in order to be experts, to also be practitioners in the domain. 相似文献
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Helge Dohn 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1991,37(4):415-428
The aim of the study was to investigate characteristics differentiating high-school students who had dropped out of school from those who remained.The study examined the relationship between drop-out and the following three clusters: (1) the effect of family background factors; (2) the effect of social factors in the educational milieu; and (3) the effect of motivation, achievement and ability.It was concluded that neither the effect of family background nor exposure to factors in the educational milieu were significant in the decision to finish school. One of the main conclusions of the investigation was that drop-out was associated with lack of motivation and achievement of the students.
Zusammenfassung Ziel dieser Studie war, charakteristische Eigenschaften herauszufinden, die vorzeitige Schulabgänger von Gymnasien von Schülern, die auf der Schule bleiben, unterscheiden.Die Studie untersuchte Beziehungen zwischen Abgängern und den folgenden drei Lebensumständen: 1. dem Einfluß des familiären Hintergrunds, 2. der Auswirkung sozialer Faktoren im pädagogischen Bereich, 3. den Wirkungen von Motivation, Erfolg und Fähigkeit.Man fand heraus, daß weder familiäre Verhältnisse, noch Einflüsse im erzieherischen Bereich für die Entscheidung, die Schule zu verlassen, maßgeblich waren. Eines der wichtigsten Ergebnisse der Untersuchung war, daß der Schulabgang mit einem Mangel an Motivation und Leistung der Schüler zusammenhing.
Résumé L'objectif de la présente étude était d'examiner les caractéristiques différenciant les élèves des collèges ayant abandonné prématurément leurs études de ceux les ayant terminées. L'étude était focalisée sur le rapport entre l'abandon et les trois groupes suivants: 1. L'influence des facteurs relatifs au milieu familial. 2. L'influence des facteurs sociaux sur le milieu éducatif. 3. L'influence de la motivation, de l'acquis et de l'aptitude.Ces recherches ont permis de conclure que ni l'influence du milieu familial, ni celle des facteurs du milieu éducatif n'agissent sur la décision de terminer l'école. Une des conclusions majeures de cette recherche est que l'abandon scolaire est associé à un manque de motivation et de résultats positifs chez les élèves.相似文献
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Helge Kragh 《Science & Education》1992,1(4):349-363
This paper argues that some kind of historical perspective is a conditio sine qua non in the teaching of physics. Without a proper historical perspective the student will not experience physics as the living, human endeavour it is; in addition, the historical-exemplaric approach is often beneficial also to the technical and conceptual aspects of physics education by offering a deeper and more critical look at particular physical problems. However, the relationship between physics and history of physics is intrinsically problematic in that the lessons to be learned from history are often counterproductive to those aimed at in science teaching. The tensions between the two approaches may lead to a historically unsatisfactory quasi-history adapted to the perceived needs of science education, but although this dilemma is genuine, there is no reason why it should block a historically oriented teaching of physics. Based on the example of the history of the photoelectric effect as a case in the teaching of introductory quantum theory it is argued that the dilemma between historical truth and didactic usefulness may be circumvented by focussing on a few, carefully selected case studies. The didactic potentials of one such example, the early introduction of the light-quantum, are discussed.Roskilde University Centre, P.O. Box 260, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark. 相似文献
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Dace Reihmane Martin Gram Andreas Vigelsø Jørn Wulff Helge Flemming Dela 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(8):1039-1046
Physical inactivity is a major contributor to low-grade systemic inflammation. Most of the studies characterizing interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) release from exercising legs have been done in young, healthy men, but studies on inactivity in older people are lacking. The impact of 14 days of one-leg immobilization (IM) on IL-6 and TNF-α release during exercise in comparison to the contralateral control (CON) leg was investigated. Fifteen healthy men (age 68.1?±?1.1?year (mean?±?SEM); BMI 27.0?±?0.4 kg·m2; VO2max 33.3?±?1.6 ml·kg?1·min?1) performed 45?min of two-leg dynamic knee extensor exercise at 19.5?±?0.9 W. Arterial and femoral venous blood samples from the CON and the IM legs were collected every 15?min during exercise, and thigh blood flow was measured with ultrasound Doppler. Arterial plasma IL-6 concentration increased with exercise (rest vs. 45?min, main effect p?p?p?=?.085, effect size 0.28) higher in the IM leg compared to the CON leg (288 (95% CI: 213–373) vs. 220 (95% CI: 152–299) pg·min?1, respectively). There was no release of TNF-α in either leg and arterial concentrations remained unchanged during exercise (p?>?.05). In conclusion, exercise induces more pronounced IL-6 secretion in healthy older men. Two weeks of unilateral immobilization on the other hand had only a minor influence on IL-6 release. Neither immobilization nor exercise had an effect on TNF-α release across the working legs in older men. 相似文献