Theory of mind and relational complexity   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Andrews G  Halford GS  Bunch KM  Bowden D  Jones T 《Child development》2003,74(5):1476-1499

Cognitive complexity and control theory and relational complexity theory attribute developmental changes in theory of mind (TOM) to complexity. In 3 studies, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds performed TOM tasks (false belief, appearance-reality), less complex connections (Level 1 perspective-taking) tasks, and transformations tasks (understanding the effects of location changes and colored filters) with content similar to TOM. There were also predictor tasks at binary-relational and ternary-relational complexity levels, with different content. Consistent with complexity theories: (a) connections and transformations were easier and mastered earlier than TOM; (b) predictor tasks accounted for more than 80% of age-related variance in TOM; and (c) ternary-relational items accounted for TOM variance, before and after controlling for age and binary-relational items. Prediction did not require hierarchically structured predictor tasks.  相似文献   

The failure of a successful intervention: a case study     

Susan Walters  Katie Brown  Alfred Hirshoren 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》1978,25(1):26-35

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Investigating the Influence of Simultaneous– Versus Sequential–Text-Picture Presentation on Text-Picture Integration     

Jana Arndt  Katharina Scheiter 《Journal of Experimental Education》2019,87(1):116-127

This study investigated whether text-picture integration is facilitated when text and pictures are presented simultaneously instead of sequentially. Participants memorized general and specific sentences and pictures. It was expected that due to text-picture integration, participants should falsely recognize specific versions of the sentences and pictures even after having studied only their general versions before. Sentences and pictures were presented simultaneously or sequentially with the picture either preceding or following the corresponding sentence. Contrary to expectations, text-picture integration was only observed for picture recognition and was not influenced by temporal contiguity. Findings are explained by the use of simple materials that did not sufficiently tax working-memory capacity to allow for any benefit of a simultaneous text-picture presentation to occur.  相似文献   

Career readiness: An analysis of text complexity for occupational reading materials     

Hua Wei  Ashley Melissa Cromwell  Katie Larsen McClarty 《The Journal of educational research》2016,109(3):266-274

The Common Core State Standards (CCSS) and the broader college and career readiness agenda encourage educators, researchers, and other stakeholders to focus on preparing students for life after high school. A key emphasis is literacy, as the ability to read and comprehend written language is critical to success in college and careers. Understanding the level of reading comprehension needed for college and careers has important instructional implications. This study examined text complexity levels of various career texts using the Reading Maturity Metric and compared them to expectations in the CCSS. Text samples were selected for jobs from the five job zones in the Occupational Information Network database. Text complexity demands for all careers were generally in the CCSS range of college and career readiness and increased as job zone and required preparation increased. Results could provide specific career-related targets to make the CCSS reading requirements more relevant for students.  相似文献   

Reviews     

John Henry  Katherine Neal  Sokhieng Au  Gabrielle M. O'Sullivan  John Forge  Rosemary Robins  Stephen Healy  Mark Rix  James Tabery  Katie Vann  Carl Windhorst  Katherine Neal  Peter Neushul  Gail Clements  Ingo Brigandt  Nicolas Rasmussen  Anthony S. Travis  Lloyd Ackert  Simon Knell  Claire Hooker 《Metascience》2002,11(2):201-268

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Examining youth perceptions and social contexts of litter to improve marine debris environmental education     

Hannah R. Torres  C. J. Reynolds  Anna Lewis  Frank Muller-Karger  Kamal Alsharif  Katie Mastenbrook 《Environmental Education Research》2019,25(9):1400-1415

Abstract

Youth have astute observations about site-specific personal and environmental factors that contribute to littering and marine debris, and they have a strong potential to act as change agents in communities. Interactions with youth in Pinellas County Florida add insights into a growing body of research on environmental education and marine debris prevention. This study assessed perceptions of marine debris and littering behaviors through group discussions with middle school and high school students (N = ～44), evaluations at summer camp programs (N = ～31) and pre- and post-assessments of environmental field trips (pre-assessment N = ～120; post-assessment N = ～140). Youth showed high initial awareness of the effects of marine debris on the environment but showed less understanding about the role of watersheds and biodegradation in marine litter issues. A majority of youth attributed others’ littering behavior to dispositional factors, like laziness, while attributing their own littering to situational factors, like poorly placed bins. Student observations of educators and parents also influenced littering behaviors and willingness to act. To reduce littering, education and outreach programs need to (1) provide opportunities for ongoing assessment of complex marine debris topics, (2) align visual and written or verbal messages, (3) reduce actor/observer bias related to littering behaviors, and (4) support adult role models.  相似文献   

Dilemma of concepts and strategies for the prevention of spread of HIV in relation to human behavior, law and human rights     

Dennin RH  Lafrenz M  Sinn A  Li LJ 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2011,12(7):591-610

The new prevalence data regarding the estimated global number of human immunodeficiency virus positive (HIV⁺) cases, i.e., including people who are either aware or unaware of their HIV infection in 2010, lead many to wonder why the increase in incidence has reached today’s unprecedented level and escalated within such a short time. This, in spite of prevention campaigns in countries affected by HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) with their urgent messages aimed at preventing HIV transmission by promoting changes in individual’s behavior. This article analyzes the background of the prevention strategies, in particular their political, social and legal concepts in terms of human rights, and reveals traits of human behavior not considered thus far. A radical reappraisal is necessary, at social and legislative levels, as well as options additional to current concepts. When ethical issues come up, they become blamed for outmoded moralistic positions. However, ignoring the reality has led to dire consequences from prioritizing individual human rights over society’s collective need to prevent the spread of HIV.  相似文献   

Comparison of Self-Reported and Objectively Measured Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity in Undergraduate Students     

Megan C. Nelson  Katie Taylor 《Measurement in physical education and exercise science》2013,17(3):237-248

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to investigate differences between estimates of sedentary behavior and physical activity (PA) from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and accelerometry in undergraduate students. 91 students participated in the study. Sedentary behavior and PA were objectively measured by an accelerometer for 7 days and then self-reported with the IPAQ. Partial correlations were used to assess associations among PA variables and participant characteristics between the methods. Agreement was assessed via the Bland–Altman method. Correlation coefficients between self-reported and objectively measured PA ranged from 0.21 to 0.38 (p≤ 0.05 for all). A higher proportion of students were classified as meeting PA guidelines via self-report compared to objective measurements. Bland–Altman plots revealed acceptable agreement between methods, however, bias was evident for all PA intensities. Sex and lean body mass impacted these differences. Researchers should exercise caution when interpreting PA assessed via the IPAQ in undergraduate students.  相似文献   

Sport development and physical activity promotion: An integrated model to enhance collaboration and understanding     

Katie Rowe  David Shilbury  Lesley Ferkins  Erica Hinckson 《Sport Management Review》2013,16(3):364-377

As inactivity and obesity levels continue to rise, calls are being made for sport development action to be further directed towards capitalising on the value of community participation for health and social benefits. This paper seeks to highlight a current disconnect between physical activity and sport management research, and identify opportunities for collaboration. To date, the sport management literature has predominantly focused on sport as a form of entertainment with spectatorship outcomes, where professional codes are a commonly used setting of research inquiry. There has been less focus on organisational issues related to participation in sport and recreation. This is identified as a gap, given the current push towards increasing focus on sport and recreation promotion for community wellbeing. The present paper sought to examine physical activity and sport management research, to identify commonalities and potential for integration and co-operation. The outcome of this review is a conceptual framework, integrating socio-ecological models, taken from physical activity research, and sport development concepts derived from sport management theory. The proposed conceptual framework seeks to provide sport management researchers with direction in their efforts to promote participation in sport, recreation and physically active leisure domains, particularly for community wellbeing purposes. Furthermore, such direction may also enhance the capacity of researchers to capitalise on opportunities for collaboration and integration across domains of inquiry.  相似文献   

CS–US interval determines the transition from overshadowing to potentiation with flavor compounds     

Batsell WR  Wakefield E  Ulrey LA  Reimink K  Rowe SL  Dexheimer S 《Learning & behavior》2012,40(2):180-194

The present series of five flavor aversion experiments with rat subjects examined compound conditioning at varying CS-US intervals. Using a taste-taste design, Experiments 1A and 1B demonstrated overshadowing at a 0-min CS-US interval and potentiation at a 120-min CS-US interval, and these effects occurred with both tastes of the compound. Experiment 2 showed that the aversion to a single element is reduced when the CS-US interval is increased to 120 min, but the aversion for a compound taste is not. Experiments 3A and 3B explored odor + taste compound conditioning; the results demonstrated odor potentiation across the trace interval and a transition from taste overshadowing to taste potentiation. Collectively, the data show that the change from overshadowing to potentiation was not due to changes in the aversions produced by compound conditioning but, instead, was due to a more rapid loss of conditionability across a trace interval prior to the US in single-element conditioning. These experiments suggest that following compound conditioning, the aversion to each element represents generalization decrement from the configured compound, but the designation of overshadowing or potentiation actually depends on the status of conditioning in the single-element control.  相似文献