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31.
Linda Hecker Liza Burns Lynda Katz Jerome Elkind Kenneth Elkind 《Annals of dyslexia》2002,52(1):243-272
This study investigated how assistive reading software affected the reading performance of a group of 20 post-secondary students
who had a primary diagnosis of attention disorder. These students used assistive reading software for most of a semester to
read assignments for an English class and in testing sessions in which comparisons were made between normal, unassisted reading,
and reading assisted by the soft ware. This software provides a synchronized visual and auditory presentation of text, and
incorporates study skills tools for highlighting and note taking. Attention measures, reading speed, comprehension scores,
and attitude questionnaire responses were obtained during these sessions. The principal findings were that the assistive software
allowed the students to attend better to their reading, to reduce their distractibility, to read with less stress and fatigue,
and to read for longer periods of time. It helped them to read faster and, thereby, to complete reading assignments in less
time. It did not have a significant effect on comprehension, but it helped some students whose comprehension was very poor.
The study results indicate that assistive reading software should be considered as a significant intervention to assist students
who have attention disorders and as an accommodation to help them compensate for their disabilities. 相似文献
32.
Object-naming deficits in children with reading problems may be due to deficiencies in either the phonological stage of processing
or the semantic stage. The present study approached this issue by manipulating the type of cue given (semantic or phonetic)
when object drawings were not named correctly by first-grade children. Although the children who were poor readers named significantly
fewer objects than the good readers, both groups of children benefited from phonetic cues. In contrast, semantic cues had
relatively little effect. These results support the view that difficulty on object naming is more likely related to phonological
deficiencies. 相似文献
33.
Self-determination theory provided the theoretical framework for a cross-sectional investigation of elementary and junior high school students’ autonomous motivation for homework. More specifically, the study focused on the role of teachers’ support of students’ psychological needs in students’ motivation for homework in the two school systems. The study also investigated the contribution of a match between teachers’ support and students’ expressed level of psychological needs to autonomous motivation for homework. The findings indicated that teacher support partially mediated the difference in autonomous motivation for homework between students in the two school systems. In addition, the findings suggested that whereas students’ with different level of expressed needs may perceive different levels of teachers’ support, and that teachers’ support might be more important for students who express higher level of needs, perceived teachers’ support of psychological needs was important for students’ adaptive motivation for homework, irrespective of their expressed level of needs. 相似文献
34.
The Israeli elections of 1988 split the Jewish vote evenly betweenthe two major parties (almost 80% of the electorate), thus reinforcingthe pattern established in the mid-70's when the Likud overcamethe entrenched Labour lead of the '50s and '60s. Survey resultsshow that both parties strongly depend on ethnic support: morethan two-thirds of those of European origin vote Labour, andmore than two thirds of those of African/Asian origin vote Likud.That the campaign ignored these pluralistic interests in favorof issues of peace and security helps explain the surprisingshow of strength (15%) by the ethnic-religious parties. Thatthe crass demands of these fundamentalist parties proved unacceptableboth to Likud and Labour helps explain the reconstitution ofa national-unity coalition. During the election, a majorityof the electorate disapproved of the prospect of another Governmentof the two parties, but became reconciled, apparently, followingthe post-election bargaining. 相似文献
35.
Children (ages 3 to 18, N = 55) diagnosed with leukemia were tested for their memories of lumbar punctures (LPs), a repeated and painful part of the cancer treatment protocol. Memory for both event details and the child's emotional responses was assessed one week after the LP. Children of all ages displayed considerable accuracy for event details, and accuracy increased with age. Overall recall accuracy for event details and emotional responses was similar. Recall among children given oral Versed was similar to that among children not given Versed. Finally, higher distress predicted greater exaggerations in negative memory 1 week later (although controlling for age weakened this relationship); moreover, greater exaggerations in negative memory predicted higher distress at a subsequent LP. These results indicate that children's memories play an important role in their experience of distress during repeated stressful events. 相似文献
36.
37.
To assess the relative contribution of dynamic and summary features of vocal fundamental frequency (f0 ) to the statistical discrimination of pragmatic categories in infant-directed speech, 49 mothers were instructed to use their voice to get their 4-month-old baby's attention, show approval, and provide comfort. Vocal f0 from 621 tokens was extracted using a Computerized Speech Laboratory and custom software. Dynamic features were measured with convergent methods (visual judgment and quantitative modeling of f0 contour shape). Summary features were f0 mean, standard deviation, and duration. Dynamic and summary features both individually and in combination statistically discriminated between each of the pragmatic categories. Classification rates were 69% and 62% in initial and cross-validation DFAs, respectively. 相似文献
38.
The tension between equity and excellence is fundamental in science policy. This tension might appear to be resolved through
the use of merit-based evaluation as a criterion for research funding. This is not the case. Merit-based decision making alone
is insufficient because of inequality aversion, a fundamental tendency of people to avoid extremely unequal distributions.
The distribution of performance in science is extremely unequal, and no decision maker with the power to establish a distribution
of public money would dare to match the level of inequality in research performance. We argue that decision makers who increase
concentration of resources because they accept that research resources should be distributed according to merit probably implement
less inequality than would be justified by differences in research performance. Here we show that the consequences are likely
to be suppression of incentives for the very best scientists. The consequences for the performance of a national research
system may be substantial. Decision makers are unaware of the issue, as they operate with distributional assumptions of normality
that guide our everyday intuitions. 相似文献
39.
40.