Trust in testimony: how children learn about science and religion     

Harris PL  Koenig MA 《Child development》2006,77(3):505-524

Many adult beliefs are based on the testimony provided by other people rather than on firsthand observation. Children also learn from other people's testimony. For example, they learn that mental processes depend on the brain, that the earth is spherical, and that hidden bodily organs constrain life and death. Such learning might indicate that other people's testimony simply amplifies children's access to empirical data. However, children's understanding of God's special powers and the afterlife shows that their acceptance of others' testimony extends beyond the empirical domain. Thus, children appear to conceptualize unobservable scientific and religious entities similarly. Nevertheless, some children distinguish between the 2 domains, arguably because a different pattern of discourse surrounds scientific as compared to religious entities.  相似文献   

Protestant ethic endorsement,personality, and general intelligence     

Andrew N. Christopher  Adrian Furnham  Mark Batey  G. Neil Martin  Cynthia S. Koenig  Kristin Doty 《Learning and individual differences》2010,20(1):46-50

To learn if Protestant ethic endorsement predicted intelligence controlling for the big five personality factors, 364 college students from England and the United States completed a 65-item multifaceted work ethic endorsement measure, the 50-item Wonderlic Personnel Test, and a 60-item measure of the big five personality factors. A hierarchical multiple regression revealed that, after controlling for respondent's sex and the big five, work ethic facets accounted for 5.6% of the variability in Wonderlic scores. However, the direction of the relationship between PWE facets and Wonderlic scores depended on the PWE facet in question. Furthermore, the facets accounted for more variability than did a composite work ethic score. The discussion focuses on the multidimensional nature of PWE endorsement and future research with this construct.  相似文献   

A Combined Machinery and Control Systems Laboratory     

Blackwell  W. A. Koenig  H. E. 《Education, IRE Transactions on》1959,2(4):128-134

This paper shows how, in the interest of emphasizing the systems concept, rotating machines have been integrated into a systems laboratory. Small machines provide the mechanical flexibility necessary in the emphasis of the systems concept, yet essential machine characteristics are retained. The paper also demonstrates how machine characteristics are interpreted to provide information for the analysis for an electromechanical system which includes the machine as a component.  相似文献   

Computer-Assisted Learning in Elementary Reading: A Randomized Control Trial     

Lisa Cassidy Shannon  Mary Koenig Styers  Stephanie Baird Wilkerson  Elizabeth Peery 《学校用计算机》2015,32(1):20-34

This study evaluated the efficacy of Accelerated Reader, a computer-based learning program, at improving student reading. Accelerated Reader is a progress-monitoring, assessment, and practice tool that supports classroom instruction and guides independent reading. Researchers used a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the program with 344 first- through fourth-grade students in three schools in a large Midwestern U.S. city. The results of hierarchical linear modelling analyses indicated that the computer-assisted learning program had a statistically significant positive impact on student reading gains when compared with traditional reading instruction alone. The impact corresponded to a moderate effect size (d = 0.38).  相似文献   

广枣提取液对小鼠免疫功能和运动耐力的影响   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

邓国良  纪丽娟 《体育与科学》2002,23(5):53-54

观察了广枣提取液对小鼠免疫功能、运动耐力的影响。结果表明：广枣提取液可明显增加小鼠耐缺氧时间，延长小鼠负重游泳时间，降低运动后小鼠血乳酸水平，显著提高其心肌组织中SOD活力；同时明显增加小鼠脾脏／体重、胸腺／体重比值，增强小鼠对巨噬细胞的吞噬能力．提高小鼠的细胞免疫、体液免疫功能。提示广枣提取液具有显著促进小鼠免疫功能及显著提高小鼠运动耐力的功效。  相似文献   

Rearing Difficult Children: Parents' Personality and Children's Proneness to Anger as Predictors of Future Parenting     

Koenig JL  Barry RA  Kochanska G 《Parenting, science and practice》2010,10(4):258-273

OBJECTIVE: This multi-method study of 102 mothers, fathers, and children examined children's difficult temperament as a moderator of the links between parental personality and future parenting. METHODS: Parents described themselves on the Big Five traits and Optimism. Children's difficult temperament was observed at 25 and 38 months in paradigms that assessed proneness to anger. Each parent's responsive, affectively positive parenting was observed in lengthy naturalistic interactions at 67 months. RESULTS: Regardless of child temperament, for mothers, low Neuroticism, and for fathers, high Extraversion predicted more positive parenting. For difficult, anger-prone children, mothers' low and high Optimism and fathers' low and high Openness were associated, respectively, with less or more positive parenting. CONCLUSIONS: Challenges due to children's difficult temperaments appear to amplify links between parental personality traits and parenting.  相似文献   

Advances in the study of societal multilingualism: Joshua A. Fishman (Editor) The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1978, 842 pp.     

Edna L. Koenig 《Int J Intercult Relat》1981,5(3):291-293

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Inhibitory Control in Young Children and Its Role in Emerging Internalization   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9  

Grazyna Kochanska  Kathleen Murray  Tanya Y. Jacques  Amy L. Koenig  Kimberly A. Vandegeest 《Child development》1996,67(2):490-507

We examined inhibitory control as a quality of temperament that contributes to internalization. Children were assessed twice, at 26–41 months ( N = 103) and at 43–56 months ( N = 99), on repeated occasions, in multiple observational contexts and using parental reports. Comprehensive behavioral batteries incorporating multiple tasks were designed to measure inhibitory control at toddler and preschool age. They had good internal consistencies, corresponded with maternal ratings, and were developmentally sensitive. Individual children's performance was significantly correlated across both assessments, indicating stable individual differences. Girls surpassed boys at both ages. Children's internalization was observed while they were alone with prohibited objects, with a mundane chore, playing games that occasioned cheating, being induced to violate standards of conduct, and assessed using maternal reports. Inhibitory control was significantly associated with internalization, both contemporaneously and as a predictor in the longitudinal sense. The implications for considering children's temperament as a significant, yet often neglected contributor to developing internalization are discussed.  相似文献   

Children's Narratives about Hypothetical Moral Dilemmas and Objective Measures of Their Conscience: Mutual Relations and Socialization Antecedents   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  

Grazyna Kochanska  Darcie L. Padavich  Amy L. Koenig 《Child development》1996,67(4):1420-1436

We explored children's conscience using narrative measures that utilized responses to hypothetical moral dilemmas and objective measures (observed moral conduct and mothers' reports). Children and mothers were studied at Time 1 ( N = 103, 26–41 months) and at Time 2 ( N = 99, 43–56 months). The first goal was to examine correspondence between both sets of measures. There were meaningful links between the narratives, administered at Time 2, and children's observed and mother-reported conscience at Times 1 and 2. Children who produced many antisocial narrative themes were less internalized, whereas children who produced many themes of commitment to and concern about good behavior were more internalized on the objective measures. The second goal was to test the prediction that maternal power assertion is detrimental to conscience. Children who experienced more power-assertive maternal discipline produced fewer themes of commitment to and concern about good behavior in their narratives and were more poorly internalized on observed and mother-reported measures at Time 1 and Time 2. Girls were more internalized on the narrative and objective conscience measures.  相似文献   

Learning From “Thinkers”: Parent Epistemological Understanding Predicts Individual Differences in Children’s Judgments About Reasoners     

Sarah Suárez  Melissa A. Koenig 《Child development》2021,92(2):715-730

Four-, 5-, and 6-year olds (N = 102) observed agents perform a reasoning task that required gathering hidden evidence. An agent who made sound inferences was contrasted with an agent who made either unsound inferences (UI; failed to base conclusion on gathered evidence) or guesses (failed to gather evidence). Four-year olds attributed knowledge to all agents and endorsed their conclusions widely. However, 5- and 6-year olds’ knowledge attributions were mitigated by UI, and 6-year olds neither attributed knowledge to a guesser nor endorsed his conclusions. Notably, parents’ tendency to make evaluativist epistemological judgments—which place value in evidence as a basis for belief—predicted children’s reluctance to learn from and credit knowledge to poor reasoners. Parents’ evaluativist judgments also predicted children’s selective learning about object functions.  相似文献