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51.
Bobby Hoffman 《Learning and individual differences》2010,20(3):276-283
This study investigated the role of self-efficacy beliefs, mathematics anxiety, and working memory capacity in problem-solving accuracy, response time, and efficiency (the ratio of problem-solving accuracy to response time). Pre-service teachers completed a mathematics anxiety inventory measuring cognitive and affective dispositions for mathematics, before completing an operation span task to measure working memory capacity, rating self-efficacy for mental multiplication, and then solved computer-based multiplication problems at two complexity levels. A simultaneous regression design was used to assess the unique variance associated with each variable. There were two new findings; the differential role of self-efficacy on response time and efficiency, and the potential compensatory relationship between self-efficacy and mathematics anxiety related to efficiency outcomes. Educational implications and suggestions for future research were proposed. 相似文献
52.
Data gathered from a recent national sample of workers on educational requirements and attainments are used to examine the extent and economic effects of overeducation. Nearly 40 percent of the U.S. work force-and about 50 percent of black males-have more education than their jobs require. But we also find that “surplus” education does have economic value. The individual return to an additional year of surplus education was positive and significant for all major demographic groups. The estimated return is, however, only about half the size of the return to an additional year of required education. 相似文献
53.
54.
This study examined the incidence, severity, and timing of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in finishers and non-finishers of the 161-km Western States Endurance Run. A total of 272 runners (71.0% of starters) completed a post-race questionnaire that assessed the incidence and severity (none = 0, mild = 1, moderate = 2, severe = 3, very severe = 4) of 12 upper (reflux/heartburn, belching, stomach bloating, stomach cramps/pain, nausea, vomiting) and lower (intestinal cramps/pain, flatulence, side ache/stitch, urge to defecate, loose stool/diarrhoea, intestinal bleeding/bloody faeces) GI symptoms experienced during each of four race segments. GI symptoms were experienced by most runners (96.0%). Flatulence (65.9% frequency, mean value 1.0, s = 0.6 severity), belching (61.3% frequency, mean value 1.0, s = 0.6 severity), and nausea (60.3% frequency, mean value 1.0, s = 0.7 severity) were the most common symptoms. Among race finishers, 43.9% reported that GI symptoms affected their race performance, with nausea being the most common symptom (86.0%). Among race non-finishers, 35.6% reported that GI symptoms were a reason for dropping out of the race, with nausea being the most common symptom (90.5%). For both finishers and non-finishers, nausea was greatest during the most challenging and hottest part of the race. GI symptoms are very common during ultramarathon running, and in particular, nausea is the most common complaint for finishers and non-finishers. 相似文献
55.
56.
Mathew Zachariah Arlene Hoffman 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1985,31(1):265-282
Mahatma Gandhi's views on relating the world of formal education to the world of work were developed first in his experimental ‘Tolstoy Farm’ in South Africa. On his return to India, Gandhi insisted that a required manual labour component in the curriculum would help regenerate India's village economy, develop in India's children a deeper understanding of India's cultural roots, motivate children to relate ‘book learning’ to life in society, and destroy invidious caste distinctions. The major proposals and suggestions in Gandhi's writing will be discussed in the context of his hopes for using schooling as an agent of progress in India. Mao Ze-Dong's views, on the other hand, were developed in the context of his Yenan experience in the 1930s, i.e. the decision to consolidate a power base in the interior of China before waging a class war against the landlords and capitalists of China. Mao's views were also, to some extent, rooted in the Chinese reality of stagnant, poverty-stricken rural areas. But, Mao's writings indicate that Marxist hopes to relate theory and practice (as understood in dialectical materialism) and to ensure that everyone participated in mental as well as manual labour in a socialist society had led him to formulate his proposals. Both Gandhi's and Mao's views and proposals have been more or less abandoned in India and China respectively. The similar and dissimilar reasons which led to such a fate are examined in this retrospective analysis. 相似文献
57.
Following classical conditioning to a shock-reinforced tone CS (T1+), heart rate (HR) of three groups of rats was examined in response to a new reinforced tone (T2+) and a nonreinforced light (L?) CS given during conditioned inhibition (T2+ vs. T1L?), discrimination conditioning (T2+ vs. L?), or explicitly unpaired (T2/L? vs. US alone) procedures. Decelerative HR reactions occurred to the reinforced T2+ and T2+ CSs. To the respective nonreinforced CSs, the conditioned inhibition group displayed diminished but sizable HR deceleration, the discrimination group showed near-zero responding, and the explicitly upaired group showed HR acceleration. Subsequent reversal conditioning to L was retarded in the conditioned inhibition and explicitly unpaired groups relative to the discrimination group. Group differences on combined-cue [T2/L?) trials were not found. Both the HR responses during inhibitory training and the reversal-conditioning impairments suggest that inhibition may have been established to L? in the conditioned inhibition and explicitly unpaired groups. 相似文献
58.
Emily P. Hoffman 《Economics of Education Review》1981,1(4):483-485
This study predicts faculty salaries using data collected at a large public university on publications, teaching and administrative hours, years of education and experience, department, sex, race, and interaction terms. Female faculty earn 24 percent less than male faculty; 17 or 41 percent of this differential is attributable to discrimination, depending on the particular set of salary determinants used. Unlike previous investigators, this study does not find discrimination in favor of minority faculty members. The choice of variables and form of model appropriate for a study of salary discrimination are discussed. 相似文献
59.
August John Hoffman 《The Urban Review》2017,49(1):140-152
This mixed-methods qualitative study examined the relationship between perceptions of the importance of social media (i.e., Facebook, Twitter) with community service projects and volunteerism. Participants (n = 80) were interviewed and surveyed regarding their experiences in participating in a variety of community service work (CSW) projects (i.e., urban forestry, community gardening) with their perceptions of the importance of social media. Results supported the hypothesis that a significant correlation exists (r = .286, p < .05) between perceptions of technology as an important part of my life and reduced importance of CSW activities. A significant correlation (r = 287, p < .001) also developed between perceptions of “connectedness” to one’s community, increased technology use and reduced perceptions of the importance of CSW activities. Additionally, a significant positive correlation (r = .454, p < .001) was found between reports of improved perceptions among ethnically diverse populations and the overall importance of CSW activities within the community. Results and suggestions for further research are offered regarding the application of theory to “real world” perspectives and problems involving education and environmental issues. 相似文献
60.
Knowledge society discourse and higher education 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The growing importance of knowledge, research and innovation are changing the social role of universities in the globalized
world. One of the most popular concepts used to approach these changes in post-industrial and post-modern societies is the
concept of ‘Knowledge Society’. In this paper, we will analyse the roles higher education is expected to play with regard
to various knowledge society discourses. We will begin with analyzing the uses of knowledge society as an intellectual device
and continue by reflecting on how changes in higher education are related to knowledge society discourses in national, regional
and global levels. In the final section we will reflect on current challenges and expectations generated within these discourses
for higher education and the implications these expectations have for higher education research. 相似文献