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The Transtheoretical Model (Prochaska & Marcus, 1994) has been widely used as a framework for understanding exercise behavior change. The purpose of this study was to clarify equivocal research findings reported for model predictions when examining stage movement over time rather than static stages and to provide some evidence of the construct validity of transitional stages. Participants were female (n = 285) and male (n = 243) undergraduates (M age = 19.9 years, SD = 2.7) who completed previously validated questionnaires twice, separated by 9 weeks, that assessed stage of change, exercise behavior, processes of change, pros and cons of exercise, and exercise self-efficacy. Participants were classified into one of five transitional shift groups based on their responses at baseline and follow up: (a) stable sedentary, (b) stable active, (c) activity adopters, (d) activity relapsers, and (e) perpetual preparers. Results of a 5 (group) x 2 (time) repeated measures (RM) analysis of variance (ANOVA) examining exercise behavior revealed a significant interaction (p < .001) and supported transitional stage classification, with activity adopters and stable actives increasing exercise over time and relapsers decreasing activity. Separate 5 (group) x 2 (time) RM ANOVAs examining model constructs revealed no significant interaction for cognitive processes of change; however, activity adopters and stable actives reported significant (p < .01) increases in the use of behavioral processes over time, while only the activity relapsers and perpetual preparers reported decreases. Activity relapsers also reported significant (p < .05) decreases in the pros of exercise. No significant interactions were found for the cons of exercise behavior. Unlike findings reported in cross-sectional studies, increases in self-efficacy did not accompany increases in exercise stage. The findings strongly support examination of stage movement classifications rather than static stages, as these transitions provide greater insight into the mechanisms of exercise behavior change.  相似文献   
74.
Bicycle suspensions aim to improve riding performance and rider comfort through reduced impact and vibration transmission to frame and rider. This study compared vibration damping of five mountain bike suspension systems and a rigid fork on gravel and in trail conditions by quantifying accelerations at the axle and frame. Spectral analyses of the acceleration signals revealed two distinct frequency regions from 0 to about 100 Hz and from about 300 to 400 Hz. The various suspension systems were all effective in attenuating vibration over the low frequency region. Vibration amplitudes at the frame were considerably less than at the axle for the suspension conditions (30–60% reduction) while only minor attenuation was observed with the rigid fork (10–15%). In the high frequency region between 300–400 Hz, the signal was strongly attenuated at the frame for all conditions, including the rigid fork. Trail conditions elicited greater amplitude low frequency vibrations than did gravel conditions. While all suspension systems were somewhat effective in reducing vibration of the frame, air-oil forks had significantly better vibration attenuation than did elastomer or linkage systems.  相似文献   
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With the fall of communism in 1989, Eastern and Central Europe would quickly become part of an already strong global tide of privatization in higher education. Nowhere else did private higher education rise so suddenly or strongly from virtual nonexistence to a major regional presence. A fresh database allows us to analyze the extent and dimensions of that presence, including various national and subregional quantitative dimensions. Yet the private sector is strongly challenged on several fronts, including paradoxically by the public sector’s own partial privatization, sometimes closely linked to the private-sector growth. Nonetheless, private higher education has continued to grow thus far into the new century, with shifting national and subregional patterns. Higher education privatization remains a noteworthy reality in Eastern and Central Europe but it is an evolving reality.  相似文献   
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The primary purpose of the present paper is to call attention to Hawkins’ (4) procedure for testing a sequence of observations for a shift in location. Such a procedure could have applicability for assessing change within a single subject. Monte Carlo results are provided which suggest that Hawkins’ procedure is robust with respect to moderate violations of its underlying assumptions of homogeneity of variance and normality. A hypothetical example is also discussed for illustrative purposes.  相似文献   
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Abstract

A computer based simulation model that traces the recreational use patterns within park and wilderness areas has been employed as a teaching tool in a recreation management course at the University of Vermont. Use of the Wilderness Travel Simulation Model in the classroom reduces the complexity of the system under study, allows students to act as managers (devising and testing their own management strategies), and increases the students' exposure to the characteristics of an actual park or wilderness area. The value of the model as a teaching tool was supported by the students' high degree of interest and enthusiasm in the class.  相似文献   
78.
The purpose of this study was to investigate attitudes of intercollegiate student athletes regarding their use of counseling services. The authors assessed student athletes’ perceived barriers to seeking counseling services and their preferred characteristics of a helping professional. Several barriers to counseling were identified. Results suggest student athletes have strong preferences for counselor characteristics, including familiarity with sports, gender, and age. Practical applications of these findings are discussed.  相似文献   
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European Journal of Psychology of Education - Current research has focused largely on teachers’ practices in order to promote safe and peaceful classrooms; however, research on how teachers...  相似文献   
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