Leading educational change and improvement at scale: some inconvenient truths about system performance     

Alma Harris  Michelle Jones 《International Journal of Leadership in Education》2017,20(5):632-641

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The unintended consequences of school inspection: the prevalence of inspection side-effects in Austria,the Czech Republic,England, Ireland,the Netherlands,Sweden, and Switzerland     

Karen L. Jones  Peter Tymms  David Kemethofer  Joe O’Hara  Gerry McNamara  Stephan Huber 《牛津教育评论》2017,43(6):805-822

It has been widely documented that accountability systems, including school inspections, bring with them unintended side effects. These unintended effects are often negative and have the potential to undo the intended positive effects. However the empirical evidence is limited. Through a European comparative study we have had the rare opportunity to collect empirical evidence and study the effects (both intended and unintended) of school inspections (a key system of accountability) in a systematic way, across seven countries. We present the findings of the unintended effects in this paper. Survey self-report responses from school principals in each country, with differing school inspection systems, are analysed to measure the prevalence of these unintended effects and to investigate the part played by pressure to do well in inspections. A key finding is that increasing pressure in school inspection systems is associated with the undesired effect of the narrowing and refocusing of the curriculum and instructional strategies. We also show that a proportion of school principals admit to misrepresenting the school in data sent to the inspectorate and show evidence for formalisation/proceduralisation (excessive focus on records) and ossification (fear of experimentation in teaching), although these factors are less related to changes in pressure.  相似文献   

The Perceptions of Administrators Concerning the One Florida Initiative     

Adriel A. Hilton  ;Patricia A.Green-Powell  ;Crystal L. Joseph  ;Linda G. Knight 《美中教育评论》2011,(2):233-238

The purpose of this study was to discover the perceptions of Florida law school administrators on the impact of the OFI （one Florida initiative） and the addition of two MSI （minority serving institution） law schools on diversity in Florida＇s legal profession. This research explored the impact of Governor Bush＇s EO （executive order） on diversity within the SUS （state university system） of Florida law schools. Further, this study examined the impact of the creation of two MSI law schools after implementation of the OFI, as perceived by the administrators. The concept of CRT （critical race theory） provides modern legal debates outlining the usefulness of historical civil rights policies in opinionated climates. This study will examine the role of CRT in relation to affirmative action and desegregation case law. CRT forms the framework for examining the impact of the creation of two MSI law schools in the state of Florida. In conclusion, this study found that minority representation in law schools has improved in Florida as a result of the OFI as well as the addition of two MSI law schools. Black representation, however, continues to lag behind other races, particularly the Hispanic population. This study concluded that the OFI has helped improve minority representation in the legal profession.  相似文献   

Development of a set of scales to measure selected scientific attitudes     

Bruce Jones  Bill Butts 《Research in Science Education》1983,13(1):133-140

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Teaching critical thinking: an investigation of a task in introductory macroeconomics     

Anna Jones 《高等教育研究与发展》2004,23(2):167-181

This paper is an investigation of understandings of critical thinking from two teaching perspectives: academic staff and tutors. It explores critical thinking as situated within an assessment task in introductory macroeconomics. This study found that while the two academic staff conceptualized critical thinking as a set of concrete cognitive skills, the tutors challenged this notion. Although tutors used the way of understanding critical thinking identified by the academic staff in their teaching and marking, they also discussed broader notions of critical thinking that they saw as a fundamental aspect of the discipline. The paper examines the multiple constructions of critical thinking in this setting and its broader implications.  相似文献   

The deployment and training of teachers for remote rural schools in less-developed countries     

Linda Ankrah-Dove 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1982,28(1):3-27

In less-developed countries schools in remote rural areas are likely to be poor in quality. One important aspect of this in certain contexts is the comparatively low quality of teachers and the high rate of teacher turnover in rural schools in these areas.It is likely that contributory factors are the ways in which posting and transfer procedures operate, inadequate preparation and support for teachers, and their own characteristics, values and interests. For purposes of analysis, two models are suggested which illuminate the policy assumptions behind different strategies used to try to remedy the situation. The rural deficit model tends to encourage the use of compulsory posting and incentives while the rural challenge model searches for better ways of preparing teachers for service in remote rural schools.From analysis of the literature, the author suggests that there are four inter-related features of contemporary teacher-education programmes which have potential and should be developed if good teachers are to be attracted to and retained in remote rural schools. These are field-based preparation, teamwork in training, community support of training and the recruitment and preparation of local teachers. A few examples of schemes employing these principles are described briefly.

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Zusammenfassung In weniger entwickelten Ländern sind die Schulen in abgelegenen ländlichen Gebieten oft von minderwertiger Qualität. Einen wichtigen Aspekt davon bildet die Unzulänglichkeit der Lehrer und der häufige Lehrerwechsel.Zu den verantwortlichen Faktoren gehören wahrscheinlich die Einstellungs- und Versetzungsverfahren (unzureichende oder unangemessene Vorbereitung und Unterstützung der Lehrer) und deren eigene Charakteristiken, Werte und Interessen. Zu Analysezwecken werden zwei Modelle vorgeschlagen, welche die den verschiedenen Strategien zur Verbesserung dieser Situation zugrundeliegenden Annahmen beleuchten. Das ländliche Mangel-Modell soll die Anwendung von Zwangsversetzungen und Anreizen fördern, während das ländliche Herausforderungs-Modell nach besseren Vorbereitungsmethoden für Lehrer in entlegenen Landschulen sucht.Aus einer Analyse der einschlägigen Literatur folgert der Verfasser, daß es vier miteinander verknüpfte Eigenschaften von Lehrerbildungsprogrammen gibt, die Potential haben und entwickelt werden sollten, wenn Landschulen gute Lehrer anziehen und behalten sollen. Diese Eigenschaften sind feldbezogene Ausbildung, Teamwork in der Ausbildung, Unterstützung der Ausbildung durch das Gemeinwesen und Anwerbung sowie Ausbildung örtlicher Lehrer. Ein paar Beispiele von Programmen, in denen diese Prinzipien zur Anwendung kommen, werden kurz beschrieben.

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Résumé Dans les pays les moins développés, les écoles des campagnes reculées sont généralement d'une qualité inférieure. L'un des aspects importants de cette situation est, dans certains contextes, la qualité médiocre des enseignants et le taux élevé des mutations dans le personnel enseignant de ces écoles rurales éloignées et isolées.Il est probable que les facteurs contribuant à cet état de choses sont les procédés de nomination et de transfert (préparation inadéquate, soutien insuffisant des enseignants) et leurs propres caractéristiques, valeurs et intérêts. Deux modèles sont proposés à l'analyse et éclairent les assumptions gouvernementales par les diverses stratégies mises en oeuvre pour tenter de remédier à la situation. Dans le cas de la carence rurale on a tendance à encourager les nominations coercives et les mesures d'incitation, tandis que dans le cas du challenge rural on recherche de meilleurs moyens de préparation des enseignants au service dans les écoles des campagnes reculées.En s'appuyant sur l'analyse des écrits inspirés par ce sujet, l'auteur avance qu'il existe quatre caractéristiques corrélatives des programmes de formation actuelle de l'enseignant présentant un potentiel et qui doivent être développées si l'on veut attirer les bons enseignants et les retenir dans ces écoles rurales. Ce sont: la préparation sur le terrain, le travail en équipe pendant la période de formation, le soutien de la communauté apporté à cette formation, le recrutement local et la préparation locale des enseignants. Quelques exemples de systèmes mettant ces principes en pratique sont brièvement décrits.

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Sample duration and type of stimuli in delayed matching-to-sample in rhesus monkeys     

James V. Devine  Luther C. Jones  Janice W. Neville  Dilys J. Sakai 《Learning & behavior》1977,5(1):57-62

Two experiments were performed to determine the effect of sample duration (0.1, 2, and 4 sec), delay interval (.03, 4, 8, 16, and 32 sec), and type of stimulus (color and shape) on the matching performance of rhesus monkeys. In Experiment 1, the 15 possible delay-duration combinations were randomly presented in blocks of 15 trials. In Experiment 2, each duration was held constant and the five delays randomly presented. Then each delay interval was held constant with the three durations randomly varied. Matching performance increased as sample duration increased (ps < .01 and .005), while length of delay did not significantly affect performance. The type of stimuli paired in the matching test significantly affected performance (ps < .05 and .10) with the shape/shape choices leading to the poorest performance. Stimulus discriminability and amount of training with brief sample durations were implicated as significant determinants of matching performance.  相似文献   

The dynamics of “tokenism”: How college students are affected by the proportion of women in their major     

Linda J. Sax 《Research in higher education》1996,37(4):389-425

This study provides an empirical test of Kanter's theory of tokenism (1977a,b)—that individuals will be affected adversely by declining representation of their own gender within an environment. Using students' college major as the environmental backdrop, this study examines how the proportion of women in a major affects students' college grades, academic self-concept, mathematical self-concept, social selfconcept, satisfaction with the major, and persistence in the major. Data are drawn from the Cooperative Institutional Research Program's 1985 Freshman Survey and 1989 Follow-Up Survey. The sample includes 7,641 women and 5,074 men in 344 fouryear colleges and universities. Regression results indicate that the proportion of women in the major has essentially no impact on the cognitive and affective development of college students. Instead, this study illustrates how the relationship between the gender composition of the major and student outcomes can be accounted for by characteristics of students, aspects of the college environment, and the effects of major field.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1994 Meeting of the American Educational Research Association in New Orleans, Louisiana.  相似文献   

Parameters in television captioning for deaf and hard-of-hearing adults: effects of caption rate versus text reduction on comprehension     

Burnham D  Leigh G  Noble W  Jones C  Tyler M  Grebennikov L  Varley A 《Journal of deaf studies and deaf education》2008,13(3):391-404

Caption rate and text reduction are factors that appear to affect the comprehension of captions by people who are deaf or hard of hearing. These 2 factors are confounded in everyday captioning; rate (in words per minute) is slowed by text reduction. In this study, caption rate and text reduction were manipulated independently in 2 experiments to assess any differential effects and possible benefits for comprehension by deaf and hard-of-hearing adults. Volunteers for the study included adults with a range of reading levels, self-reported hearing status, and different communication and language preferences. Results indicate that caption rate (at 130, 180, 230 words per minute) and text reduction (at 84%, 92%, and 100% original text) have different effects for different adult users, depending on hearing status, age, and reading level. In particular, reading level emerges as a dominant factor: more proficient readers show better comprehension than poor readers and are better able to benefit from caption rate and, to some extent, text reduction modifications.  相似文献   

Building student belonging and engagement: insights into higher education students’ experiences of participating and learning together     

Rachel Masika  Jennie Jones 《Teaching in Higher Education》2016,21(2):138-150

Student belonging and engagement has received increased attention in the context of an expanding and more diverse higher education student population. Student retention is regarded as a priority with many universities augmenting their retention strategies to instil a sense of belonging. This article provides insights into first year Business Management students’ experiences of starting their degrees and retention interventions at a university in the South of England. It is based on findings from an ongoing study that applied Wenger's social theory of learning and adopted an appreciative inquiry approach to focus group interviewing to investigate students’ perceptions. Students developed a sense of belonging, constructed learner identities, made sense of their learning and gained confidence, but also experienced instances of tension and frustration that raise questions about the extent to which sociality practices within evolving communities of practice can address diverse engagement and identity development needs and mitigate disengagement.  相似文献