Stability in Mother-Child Interactions from Infancy through Adolescence     

Else-Quest NM  Clark R  Owen MT 《Parenting, science and practice》2011,11(4):280-287

OBJECTIVE: The current study examines homotypic stability in mother-child interactions, applying similar rating scales of mother-child interactions at 1 and 4.5 years, and heterotypic stability from 1 to 13 years and 4.5 to 13 years, using conceptually similar but not identical rating scales at age 13. DESIGN: We coded videotaped mother-child interactions in 202 families when children were 1, 4.5, and 13 years of age during age-appropriate and developmentally salient structured tasks for relationship quality. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses controlled for the effects of child birth order and gender as well as maternal age and education. Maternal and dyadic, but not child, mother-child interaction qualities at 1 year significantly predicted similar or equivalent constructs at 4.5 and 13 years. Heterotypic stability from 1 to 13 years was partially or fully mediated by the same constructs at 4.5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal behaviors showed a pattern of homotypic and heterotypic stability, whereas dyadic behaviors were somewhat less stable. Child behaviors showed evidence of both homotypic and heterotypic instability.  相似文献   

Function oriented service composition modeling     

刘方方  李成玲  余洁 《上海大学学报(英文版)》2011,15(5):369-374

Formal models for service composition have been proposed with the variation of the requirements of service developers. Some famous models have provided checking and verification techniques and tools for the behavior of service composition. These models generally focus much on the message flow of web services and neglecting the data contained in the exchanged messages among services, which restrict the application range of these models and also the web service techniques. As new kind of services with different protocols and communication methods have appeared, it is needed to model service composition from a new view which is adapted to the new development in service area. In this paper we offer a function oriented model of service composition which treats the composite service as a software system and specify the function of services which can be directly used to the realization by service providers.  相似文献   

Helping Homeless Families Overcome Barriers to Successful Functioning     

Kevin?J.?SwickEmail author 《Early Childhood Education Journal》2005,33(3):195-200

The author articulates key stressors in the lives of families who are homeless. These stresses often combine with barriers such as lack of job opportunities and/or insensitive professionals. Strategies for helping homeless families overcome these barriers and related issues are presented.  相似文献   

Youth and culture: A seventeen nation study of perceived problems and coping strategies     

Janice T. Gibson  Marvin J. Westwood  F. Ishu Ishiyama  William A. Borgen  Susan M. Showalter  Qasem Al-Sarraf  Semiha A. Atakan  Isaura R. F. Guimares  A. Lina Guisti-Ortiz  Margaret Robertson  Benjamin Shafrir  Peter De Weerdt  Gundelina A. Velazco  Carol E. Baker  Maria Dikaiou  Tatiana Gabay  Lina Kashyup  Ilona Lee  Maria E. Felce Di Paula  Hillman Ngunangwa  Nina F. Talyzina 《International journal for the advancement of counseling》1991,14(3):203-216

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The relation of multiple-schedule behavioral contrast to deprivation,time in session,and within-session changes in responding     

McSweeney FK  Swindell S  Murphy ES  Kowal BP 《Learning & behavior》2004,32(2):190-201

Pigeons' keypecking was reinforced by food on baseline schedules of multiple variable interval (VI) x VI x and on contrast schedules of multiple VI x VI y. Deprivation of food was varied by maintaining subjects at 75%, 85%, and 95% (+/- 2%) of their free-feeding weights. Positive and negative behavioral contrast were observed. The size of the contrast was not systematically altered by changes in deprivation. Positive and negative contrast were both larger later in the session than they were earlier. Within-session decreases in responding were steeper for the baseline than for the contrast schedules for positive contrast. Within-session decreases were steeper for the contrast than for the baseline schedules for negative contrast. These results were predicted by the idea that different amounts of habituation to the reinforcer during the baseline and contrast schedules contribute to behavioral contrast. The results show that contrast occurs under conditions that reduce the effect of the following component. The results support the assumption that positive and negative contrast are produced by symmetrical theoretical variables.  相似文献   

Impact of brief or extended extinction of a taste aversion on inhibitory associations: Evidence from summation,retardation, and preference tests     

Brooks DC  Bowker JL  Anderson JE  Palmatier MI 《Learning & behavior》2003,31(1):69-84

In five conditioned taste aversion experiments with rats, summation, retardation, and preference tests were used to assess the effects of extinguishing a conditioned saccharin aversion for three or nine trials. In Experiment 1, a summation test showed that saccharin aversion extinguished over nine trials reduced the aversion to a merely conditioned flavor (vinegar), whereas three saccharin extinction trials did not subsequently influence the vinegar aversion. Experiment 2 clarified that result, with unpaired controls equated on flavor exposure prior to testing; the results with those controls suggested that the flavor extinguished for nine trials produced generalization decrement during testing. In Experiment 3, the saccharin aversion reconditioned slowly after nine extinction trials, but not after three. Those results suggested the development of latent inhibition after more than three extinction trials. Preference tests comparing saccharin consumption with a concurrently available fluid (water in Experiment 4, saline in Experiment 5) showed that the preference for saccharin was greater after nine extinction trials than after three. However, saccharin preference after nine extinction trials was not greater, as compared with that for either latent inhibition controls (Experiments 4 and 5) or a control given equated exposures to saccharin and trained to drink saline at a high rate prior to testing (Experiment 5). Concerns about whether conditioned inhibition has been demonstrated in any flavor aversion procedure are discussed. Our findings help explain both successes and failures in demonstrating postextinction conditioned response recovery effects reported in the conditioned taste aversion literature, and they can be explained using a memory interference account.  相似文献   

Investing in the renewal of urban science teaching     

Michael S. Knapp  Margaret L. Plecki 《科学教学研究杂志》2001,38(10):1089-1100

This article provides a conceptual framework for understanding what is involved in improving urban science teaching and what might be implied by conducting research on its improvement. It is argued in this article that three sets of forces and conditions have a direct impact on urban science classrooms: first, the array of interdependent policies at school, district, and state levels about science teaching in particular and about education improvement more broadly construed; next, the investment and use of instructionally relevant resources at each of the three levels and their differing impacts on the renewal of urban science teaching; and finally, the broader context in which urban science teaching occurs mediating how these resources are—or can be—used. Mediating factors include the professional peer community, subject‐specific instructional leadership, the professional development infrastructure, the supply of available science teachers, and the broader community context. The article concludes with suggestions for how this framework informs directions for future research on the promise and limits of efforts to renew science teaching in urban settings. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 1089–1100, 2001  相似文献   

Student counselling in Australian universities: Forty years of development     

Neil Quintrell  Margaret Robertson 《International journal for the advancement of counseling》1995,18(4):203-221

Since the first development of counselling services in Australian universities in 1953, the tertiary system, and counselling services within them, have undergone a forty-year period of growth and change, and now all universities have counselling services which typically focus on short-term counselling interventions and are characterised by high levels of professionalism. Two case studies provide a picture of the situation in Australian universities. One case is that of an older and larger institution recently formed as a multi-campus university by amalgamations and with its main campus in the inner city of Australia's second-largest city. The contrasting case is of a newer, suburban university in one of the smaller capital cities. The challenges facing university counselling services in the future include the continuing pressure for greater accountability, the increasing demands of a multi-cultural clientele, the temptation to take on a wider range of tasks than can be sustained, and its obverse, the risk of over-specialisation.  相似文献   

‘Education for equality’ and ‘education for life’: examining reading literacy and reading interest in Papua New Guinea primary schools1     

Sarah Hopkins  Graham Ogle Corresponding author  Lisette Kaleveld  John Maurice  Betty Keria  William Louden 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education》2005,33(1):77-96

Reading literacy and reading interest was examined in four primary schools in Papua New Guinea: in an international, suburban, settlement and village school. In this paper we present a summary of findings located within a local context and examine the implications as viewed through two lenses. From an ‘educational for equality’ perspective, the findings suggest a critical need to re‐evaluate the use of national testing to select children for further education and address the serious shortage of reading books in school libraries. From an ‘education for life’ perspective, the findings indicate a continuing need for community‐based actions together with innovative teacher education programs aimed at developing ways of strengthening the connections between home and school.  相似文献   

Land degradation,government subsidy,and smallholders’ conservation decision: the case of the loess plateau in China     

石敏俊 《浙江大学学报(A卷英文版)》2004,5(12):1533-1542

Land degradation is one of the severe environmental problems in China. In order to combat land degradation, a soil conservation program was introduced since 2000 to reduce soil erosion by converting slope-cultivated land into forestry and pasture. This paper represents the first systematic attempt to investigate the impact of the soil conservation program on land degradation in the loess plateau. The results indicate that the soil conservation program to convert slope fields into forest or pasture is an effective way to combat soil erosion. However, a subsidy that is higher than profit of land use activity of slope fields before their conversion into forest and pasture is needed to encourage farmers to join the conservation program. A policy measure to encourage and assist farmers to develop sedentary livestock by using crops produced from fields as well as fodder and forage grass from the converted slope fields might contribute to combat soil erosion. Increase in off-farm job opportunities may encourage households to reduce cultivation in slope fields. That implies a policy measure to encourage rural urbanization might contribute to combat soil erosion.  相似文献