Synthetic biology in the view of European public funding organisations     

Pei L  Gaisser S  Schmidt M 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2012,21(2):149-162

We analysed the decisions of major European public funding organisations to fund or not to fund synthetic biology (SB) and related ethical, legal and social implication (ELSI) studies. We investigated the reaction of public organisations in six countries (Austria, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the U.K.) towards SB that may influence SB's further development in Europe. We examined R&D and ELSI communities and their particular funding situation. Our results show that the funding situation for SB varies considerably among the analysed countries, with the U.K. as the only country with an established funding scheme for R&D and ELSI that successfully integrates these research communities. Elsewhere, we determined a general lack of funding (France), difficulties in funding ELSI work (Switzerland), lack of an R&D community (Austria), too small ELSI communities (France, Switzerland, Netherlands), or difficulties in linking existing communities with available funding sources (Germany), partly due to an unclear SB definition.  相似文献   

Hirsch-type characteristics of the tail of distributions. The generalised h-index     

Wolfgang Glänzel  András Schubert 《Journal of Informetrics》2010,4(1):118-123

In this paper a generalisation of the h-index and g-index is given on the basis of non-negative real-valued functionals defined on subspaces of the vector space generated by the ordered samples. Several Hirsch-type measures are defined and their basic properties are analysed. Empirical properties are illustrated using examples from the micro- and meso-level. Among these measures, the h-index proved the most, the arithmetic and geometric g-indices, the least robust measures. The μ-index and the harmonic g-index provide more balanced results and are still robust enough.  相似文献   

Structural Equations and Causal Explanations: Some Challenges for Causal SEM     

Keith A. Markus 《Structural equation modeling》2013,20(4):654-676

One common application of structural equation modeling (SEM) involves expressing and empirically investigating causal explanations. Nonetheless, several aspects of causal explanation that have an impact on behavioral science methodology remain poorly understood. It remains unclear whether applications of SEM should attempt to provide complete explanations or partial explanations. Moreover, it remains unclear what sorts of things researchers can best take as causes and effects. Finally, the meaning of causal assertions itself remains poorly understood. Attempting to clarify the use of structural equations as causal explanations by addressing these issues has implications for behavioral science methodology because applications of SEM typically remain vague about causation and thus about their substantive conclusions. Research aimed at clarifying these issues can lead to a sharper and more refined use of SEM for causal explanation, and by extension, clarify behavioral science methodology more generally.  相似文献   

Governance for system optimization and system change: The case of urban waste     

Markus M. Bugge  Arne Martin Fevolden  Antje Klitkou 《Research Policy》2019,48(4):1076-1090

This paper analyses urban waste systems to explore how local authorities can resolve challenges related to climate change, urbanization and resource depletion. The paper investigates how different public governance regimes affect local authorities’ ability to move upwards in the waste hierarchy. It identifies three different governance regimes – traditional bureaucracy, new public management and networked governance – and uses the insights from innovation in urban waste in three Norwegian city regions – Oslo, Drammen and Bergen – to illuminate how these regimes possess both strengths and weaknesses in how they affect system optimization and system change. The observed working practices signal that the issue of urban waste systems is perceived as a challenge of system optimization rather than system change. Viewing this as a challenge requiring system change would probably have ensured a stronger directionality and a broader anchoring of actors. Such an approach is likely to have arrived at a waste prevention mode earlier than the step-by-step-solutions implemented so far. The paper concludes that there is not one best governance regime, but a need to acknowledge their co-existence and carefully consider the characteristics of the respective regimes in order to arrange urban waste systems for long-term dynamic and sustainable city regions.  相似文献   

Features for image retrieval: an experimental comparison   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Thomas Deselaers  Daniel Keysers  Hermann Ney 《Information Retrieval》2008,11(2):77-107

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A Brief History of the Library of the Physicians to the German Hospital and Dispensary of the City of New York     

Hermann G. Klotz 《Journal of the Medical Library Association》1904,2(1):42-46

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Electrophysiological Evidence of Space-Number Associations in 9-Month-Old Infants     

Roberta Bettoni  Margaret Addabbo  Hermann Bulf  Viola Macchi Cassia 《Child development》2021,92(5):2142-2152

Infant research is providing accumulating evidence that number-space mappings appear early in development. Here, a Posner cueing paradigm was used to investigate the neural mechanisms underpinning the attentional bias induced by nonsymbolic numerical cues in 9-month-old infants (N = 32). Event-related potentials and saccadic reaction time were measured to the onset of a peripheral target flashing right after the offset of a centered small or large numerical cue, with the location of the target being either congruent or incongruent with the number’s relative position on a left-to-right oriented representational continuum. Results indicated that the cueing effect induced by numbers on infants’ orienting of eye gaze brings about sensory facilitation in processing visual information at the cued location.  相似文献   

Measuring patent assessment quality—Analyzing the degree and kind of (in)consistency in patent offices’ decision making   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Paul F. Burke  Markus Reitzig 《Research Policy》2007,36(9):1404-1430

We argue that consistent decision making in judging a patent's validity and basing this on its underlying technological quality are important elements of patent office service (“assessment”) quality. To understand which level of assessment quality patent offices (can) provide, particularly in new technological areas, we study the concordance of the European Patent Office's (EPO) granting and opposition decisions for individual patents. Using the biotechnology industry in the 1980s (an emerging patenting area then) as an example, we find no empirical evidence that the EPO provided maximal or optimal assessment quality as far as can be told from bibliographic indicators. We discuss research limitations and consequences of this first empirical analysis, and suggest ideas for refinements in future work.  相似文献   

Inductive versus deductive approaches in teaching a lesson in chemistry     

G. D. Hermann  N. G. Hincksman 《科学教学研究杂志》1978,15(1):37-42

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The transition from school to the world of work in the German Democratic Republic     

Wolfgang Rudolph 《Prospects》1989,19(1):93-102

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