Comparative study between fully tethered and free swimming at different paces of swimming in front crawl     

Mathias Samson  Tony Monnet  Anthony Bernard  Patrick Lacouture  Laurent David 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(6):571-586

Tethered swimming is a method often used to measure or enhance the physical and technical resources of swimmers. Although it is highlighted that the technique used in tethered swimming is probably different from that used in free conditions, there are few comparative studies on this subject. The current study aims to compare fully tethered and free swimming based on kinematic hand parameters (orientation, velocity and acceleration of the hand, sweepback and angle of attack), which are known to act directly on the generation of propulsive forces. The results show that there are significant differences during the stretch and catch phases but less during the insweep and upsweep phases. Tethered swimming makes it possible to estimate the propelling forces generated by the hand in free swimming at distance and middle-distance paces, but overestimates it at sprint pace. However, in view of the modifications of the kinematic parameters, it should not be used under repeated conditions of use, such as for the development of swimmers’ capacity.  相似文献   

Evolution 2.0. The Unexpected Learning Experience of Making a Digital Archive     

Casper Andersen  Jakob Bek-Thomsen  Mathias Clasen  Stine Slot Grumsen  Hans Henrik Hjermitslev  Peter C. Kjærgaard 《Science & Education》2013,22(3):657-675

Studies in the history of science and education have documented that the reception and understanding of evolutionary theory is highly contingent on local factors such as school systems, cultural traditions, religious beliefs, and language. This has important implications for teaching evolution in primary and secondary schools. No universal strategy can be applied in overcoming the barriers of learning that exist and that are part of the practical and daily life in classrooms all over the world. In light of this, a huge challenge is to make high standard teaching materials fit to specific target audiences readily available. As more and more schools require teachers to use low cost or free web-based materials, in the research community we need to take seriously how to facilitate that demand in communication strategies on evolution. This article addresses this challenge by presenting the learning experience of making a digital archive of Danish Darwin editions that marked the beginnings of a series of public engagement and teaching initiatives including, among other things, comprehensive new websites, exhibits, lecture series, television documentaries, and a computer game.  相似文献   

Students’ reasoning about electricity: combining performance assessments with argumentation analysis     

Sabine Gerstner  Franz X. Bogner 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(7):849-870

Our study monitored the cognitive and motivational effects within different educational instruction schemes: On the one hand, teacher‐centred versus hands‐on instruction; on the other hand, hands‐on instruction with and without a knowledge consolidation phase (concept mapping). All the instructions dealt with the same content. For all participants, the hands‐on approach as well as the concept mapping adaptation were totally new. Our hands‐on approach followed instruction based on “learning at work stations”. A total of 397 high‐achieving fifth graders participated in our study. We used a pre‐test, post‐test, retention test design both to detect students' short‐term learning success and long‐term learning success, and to document their decrease rates of newly acquired knowledge. Additionally, we monitored intrinsic motivation. Although the teacher‐centred approach provided higher short‐term learning success, hands‐on instruction resulted in relatively lower decrease rates. However, after six weeks, all students reached similar levels of newly acquired knowledge. Nevertheless, concept mapping as a knowledge consolidation phase positively affected short‐term increase in knowledge. Regularly placed in instruction, it might increase long‐term retention rates. Scores of interest, perceived competence and perceived choice were very high in all the instructional schemes.  相似文献   

Researching the impact of teacher professional development programmes based on action research,constructivism, and systems theory     

Stefan Zehetmeier  Irina Andreitz  Willibald Erlacher  Franz Rauch 《Educational Action Research》2013,21(2):162-177

This paper deals with the topic of professional development programmes’ impact. Concepts and ideas of action research, constructivism, and systems theory are used as a theoretical framework and are combined to describe and analyse an exemplary professional development programme in Austria. Empirical findings from both quantitative and qualitative studies regarding the programme’s impact are provided and discussed. Moreover, implications for future programmes’ planning and implementation are provided.  相似文献   

Teaching Gene Technology in an Outreach Lab: Students’ Assigned Cognitive Load Clusters and the Clusters’ Relationships to Learner Characteristics, Laboratory Variables, and Cognitive Achievement     

Franz-Josef Scharfenberg  Franz X. Bogner 《Research in Science Education》2013,43(1):141-161

This study classified students into different cognitive load (CL) groups by means of cluster analysis based on their experienced CL in a gene technology outreach lab which has instructionally been designed with regard to CL theory. The relationships of the identified student CL clusters to learner characteristics, laboratory variables, and cognitive achievement were examined using a pre-post-follow-up design. Participants of our day-long module Genetic Fingerprinting were 409 twelfth-graders. During the module instructional phases (pre-lab, theoretical, experimental, and interpretation phases), we measured the students’ mental effort (ME) as an index of CL. By clustering the students’ module-phase-specific ME pattern, we found three student CL clusters which were independent of the module instructional phases, labeled as low-level, average-level, and high-level loaded clusters. Additionally, we found two student CL clusters that were each particular to a specific module phase. Their members reported especially high ME invested in one phase each: within the pre-lab phase and within the interpretation phase. Differentiating the clusters, we identified uncertainty tolerance, prior experience in experimentation, epistemic interest, and prior knowledge as relevant learner characteristics. We found relationships to cognitive achievement, but no relationships to the examined laboratory variables. Our results underscore the importance of pre-lab and interpretation phases in hands-on teaching in science education and the need for teachers to pay attention to these phases, both inside and outside of outreach laboratory learning settings.  相似文献   

Pupils' Interest Before,During, and After a Curriculum Dealing With Ecological Topics and its Relationship With Achievement     

Christoph Randler  Franz X. Bogner 《Educational Research and Evaluation》2013,19(5):463-478

We surveyed interest in ecology prior, during, and after an ecological unit of 14 lessons (“Ecosystem Lake”). Achievement was assessed in a pretest (T-1), a class test (T-2; used for grading), and a retention test (T-3). We found a main effect of stratification on the level of interest in ecology after the educational unit (pupils from the highest stratification were more interested) but not of gender. As expected, the pre-treatment interest scores showed a highly significant influence on the post-treatment scores. Apart from interest prior to the study, situational interest measured during the educational unit also significantly influenced interest after the treatment. Positive correlations between all 3 interest scales and between interest scales and achievement scores were found. Thus, both predisposition and situational interest influence achievement. However, using regression revealed that prior interest had the strongest impact on achievement.  相似文献   

Grade inflation under the threat of students’ nuisance: Theory and evidence     

Wan-Ju Iris Franz 《Economics of Education Review》2010

This study examines a channel, students’ nuisance, to explain grade inflation. “Students’ nuisance” is defined by “students’ pestering the professors for better grades.” This paper contains two parts: the game theoretic model and the empirical tests. The model shows that the potential threat of students’ nuisance can induce the professors to inflate grades. Ceteris paribus, a student is more likely to study little and to pester the professor for a better grade if: (1) the professor is lenient; (2) the studying cost is high; (3) the reward from pestering is high; (4) the cost of pestering is low.  相似文献   

大升温：固定/移动电话的融合     

Craug J.Mathias 《中国科技信息》2006,(6):55-55

在一个以专业术语和缩写词闻名的行业中，目前再没有什么比固定/移动电话的融合（FMC）更热门的了。FMC是一长串融合名称中最新的一个。这些融合当中最著名的是1990年代末期的“数字大融合”，即所有媒体变成数字化，因而使整个世界实现数字化。  相似文献   

Bringing information power to the school library media center     

E. Wayne Harris  Carol W. Franz 《TechTrends》1990,35(4):48-50

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A Gentle Introduction to Bayesian Analysis: Applications to Developmental Research   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Rens van de Schoot  David Kaplan  Jaap Denissen  Jens B. Asendorpf  Franz J. Neyer  Marcel A.G. van Aken 《Child development》2014,85(3):842-860

Bayesian statistical methods are becoming ever more popular in applied and fundamental research. In this study a gentle introduction to Bayesian analysis is provided. It is shown under what circumstances it is attractive to use Bayesian estimation, and how to interpret properly the results. First, the ingredients underlying Bayesian methods are introduced using a simplified example. Thereafter, the advantages and pitfalls of the specification of prior knowledge are discussed. To illustrate Bayesian methods explained in this study, in a second example a series of studies that examine the theoretical framework of dynamic interactionism are considered. In the Discussion the advantages and disadvantages of using Bayesian statistics are reviewed, and guidelines on how to report on Bayesian statistics are provided.  相似文献