Unpacking the career aspirations of Australian school students: towards an evidence base for university equity initiatives in schools     

Jennifer Gore  Kathryn Holmes  Max Smith  Leanne Fray  Patrick McElduff  Natasha Weaver 《高等教育研究与发展》2017,36(7):1383-1400

Demand for higher education in Australia has doubled since 1989, increasing the number of students from diverse social, economic and academic backgrounds. Equity targets have seen a proliferation of programs and interventions aimed at encouraging school students, particularly those from low socio-economic status backgrounds, to participate in higher education. However, little is known about the specific occupational interests of school students upon which targeted strategies might effectively be designed and implemented. This paper examines school students’ aspirations for specific careers that require a university education, in relation to student background and school-related variables. The analysis draws from a study of 6492 students from Years 3 to 12 in 64 New South Wales public schools. We found a complex array of factors relating to interest in different careers. Year level at school, gender and prior achievement were stronger predictors across many careers than factors such as SES, Indigenous status and school location. We argue that rather than taking a one-size-fits-all approach to encouraging participation in higher education, outreach activities should be targeted to take account of student diversity and inequalities that foster differing aspirations.  相似文献   

The incidence of severe physical child abuse in Wales     

Sibert JR  Payne EH  Kemp AM  Barber M  Rolfe K  Morgan RJ  Lyons RA  Butler I 《Child abuse & neglect》2002,26(3):267-276

OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this study were: (1) to ascertain the incidence and nature of severe physical child abuse in Wales; (2) to ascertain the incidence of all physical abuse in babies under 1 year of age; and (3) to determine whether child protection registers (CPR) accurately reflect the numbers of children who are physically abused. METHODS: This is a population-based incidence study based in Wales, UK, for 2 years from April 1996 through March 1998. Children studied were under the age of 14 with severe physical abuse consistent with the criminal law level of Grievous Bodily Harm. This included seven categories of injury (death; head injury including subdural hemorrhage; internal abdominal injury; physical injury in Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy including suffocation; fracture; burn or scald; adult bite). Cases were ascertained by a pediatrician surveillance reporting system (WPSU). A criterion for inclusion was multidisciplinary agreement that physical abuse had occurred (at case conference, strategy meeting, or Part 8 Review). The incidence of all babies under 1 year of age with physical abuse was also studied. Ascertainment of babies under the age of 1 year was undertaken from CPR as well as the WPSU. RESULTS: Severe abuse is six times more common in babies [54/100,000/year (95% CI +/- 17.2)] than in children from 1 year to 4 years of age [9.2/100,000 (95% CI +/- 3.6)]. It is 120 times more common than in 5- to 13-year-olds [0.47/100,000 (95% CI +/- 0.47)]. This is mainly because two types of serious abuse (brain injury including subdural hemorrhage and fractures) are more common in babies under the age of 1 year than older children. Using data from two sources (the WPSU and CPRs), the incidence of physical abuse in babies is 114/100,000 (CI 114 +/- 11.8) per year. This equates to 1 baby in 880 being abused in the first year of life. The largely rural Health Authority area in Wales had incidence figures for abuse in babies that were 50% of the three other predominantly urban Health Authority areas. Boys throughout the series were more at risk of being severely abused than girls (p < .025). Only 29% of the babies under 1 year of age on the CPR had actually been injured. Thirty percent of abused babies under the age of 1 year and 73% of severely abused children over the age of 1 year had caused previous concern to health professionals regarding abuse or neglect. Conclusions: Physical abuse is a significant problem in babies under the age of 1 year. Very young babies (under 6 months old) have the highest risk of suffering damage or death as a result of physical abuse. Severe abuse, in particular subdural hematoma and fracture, is much more common in babies than in older children. There is evidence of failure of secondary prevention of child abuse by health professionals, with a greater need to act on concerns regarding abuse and neglect. Interagency child protection work in partnership with parents should focus more on protecting babies under age 1 year from further abuse than on maintenance of the infant within an abusive home. The CPR is not intended as an accurate measure of children suffering abuse. It is a record of children requiring a child protection plan and must not be used as a measure of numbers of abused children.  相似文献   

Mathematics Achievement of Children in China and the United States   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Harold W. Stevenson  Shin-ying Lee  Chuansheng Chen  Max Lummis  James Stigler  Liu Fan  Fang Ge 《Child development》1990,61(4):1053-1066

First and fifth graders in Beijing and Chicago were given a battery of mathematics test. Whether tested with problems requiring solely computation or with ones requiring application of knowledge about mathematics, American children's performance was consistently inferior to that of Chinese children. Interviews with American children suggested that they like mathematics, believe they are doing well in mathematics, and do not perceive mathematics as a difficult subject. American children's poor performance appears to be attributable, in part, to low motivation for devoting more attention to mathematics. Low standards held by American parents for academic achievement and lower interest in teaching mathematics by American teachers appear to contribute to American children's poor performance.  相似文献   

Learning by Creating: Letting the Student Do the Work     

R.H. Kemp  T. Stewart  I.P.W. Fung  B. Orban 《Interactive Learning Environments》2013,21(2):121-138

There is evidence to suggest that mature students, perhaps studying at home where human tutors are not readily available, learn particularly effectively in a problem-solving environment. Also, they appear to be especially responsive to analogies and metaphors. We seek to exploit these effects by requiring students to transform problems into alternative forms before solving them. Three examples are given of domains where the student has to convert the formulation into an equivalent diagram. Arguably, the process of performing this transformation increases their understanding of the subject area.  相似文献   

The Perquisites of Teaching     

Max S. Marshall 《College Teaching》2013,61(1):3-8

Although most research investigating diversity courses focuses on attitudes toward racial minorities and women, these courses may also influence student attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. The current study assessed student awareness of heterosexual privilege, prejudice against lesbians and gay men, and support for same-sex marriage. Students (N = 143) in a general diversity course completed identical surveys during the first and last weeks of the semester. Participants in diversity courses exhibited increased heterosexual privilege awareness and support for same-sex marriage, as well as less prejudice against lesbians and gay men, during the last week of the semester compared to pretest levels.  相似文献   

Balance vs. Imbalance     

Max S. Marshall 《College Teaching》2013,61(1)

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The Publisher's Parish     

Max S. Marshall 《College Teaching》2013,61(2):98-100

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The Best of Bestor     

Max S. Marshall 《College Teaching》2013,61(4):55-59

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Some Samples of Learning     

Max S. Marshall 《College Teaching》2013,61(3)

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Auf dem Weg zur Kulturschule – Schulentwicklung und Ästhetisches Lernen     

Max Fuchs 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2013,16(3):257-271

The introduction of all-day schooling was one of the political consequences arising from Germany’s poor performance in the PISA study. One of the key ideas here was to boost cooperation between all-day schools and partners offering extra-curricular activities. To this end, the concept of the Culture School was developed. These are schools devoted not only to academic subjects, but also to cultural and artistic pursuits. Special tools and methods have been devised to help schools develop in the direction of a “culture school”, a process known as “cultural school development”. Such development processes are currently under way in many individual schools and above all within the scope of the large-scale project “Cultural agents for creative schools” (with around 150 schools in 5 German states participating).  相似文献