Entrepreneurial experiments in science policy: Analyzing the Human Genome Project     

Kenneth G. Huang  Fiona E. Murray 《Research Policy》2010,39(5):567-633

We re-conceptualize the role of science policy makers, envisioning and illustrating their move from being simple investors in scientific projects to entrepreneurs who create the conditions for entrepreneurial experiments and initiate them. We argue that reframing science policy around the notion of conducting entrepreneurial experiments - experiments that increase the diversity of technical, organizational and institutional arrangements in which scientific research is conducted - can provide policy makers with a wider repertoire of effective interventions. To illustrate the power of this approach, we analyze the Human Genome Project (HGP) as a set of successful, entrepreneurial experiments in organizational and institutional innovation. While not designed as such, the HGP was an experiment in funding a science project across a variety of organizational settings, including seven public and one private (Celera) research centers. We assess the major characteristics and differences between these organizational choices, using a mix of qualitative and econometric analyses to examine their impact on scientific progress. The planning and direction of the Human Genome Project show that policy makers can use the levers of entrepreneurial experimentation to transform scientific progress, much as entrepreneurs have transformed economic progress.  相似文献   

Institutional Logics in the Global Higher Education Landscape: Differences in Organizational Characteristics by Sector and Founding Era     

Buckner  Elizabeth  Zapp  Mike 《Minerva》2021,59(1):27-51

Minerva - This article examines patterns in the global higher education landscape associated with sector (i.e., public or private) and founding era. Using data on the formal and academic structure...  相似文献   

A Three-Axis Model for Conceptualizing the Relevant Elements Involved in Cross-Cultural Training     

Glenn E. Gus Baker  Tijjani Mohammed  Mike Boyle 《Performance Improvement Quarterly》1994,7(2):27-37

Up to one-third of Americans who take foreign assignments are unsuccessful, largely because of either the lack of experience in, or training for, intercultural living or working. This lack of success is indeed problematic at a time when American businesses must seek global markets. The poor success rate has precipitated increased interest in cross-cultural training. Much of the reported cross-cultural training is experiential, however, and is therefore limited in transferability to other situations. The experiential base often provides no analytical structure for developing training programs for other situations. This article reviews both research and experiential literature and presents a three-axis matrix as an analytical base for developing cross-cultural training. The axes systematically focus attention on differences in culture, function (task roles), and situations.  相似文献   

Distance education via the Internet: the student experience   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Linda Carswell  Pete Thomas  Marian Petre  Blaine Price  & Mike Richards 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2000,31(1):29-46

This is the second in a series of papers that describes the use of the Internet on a distance-taught undergraduate Computer Science course (Thomas et al ., 1998). This paper examines students' experience of a large-scale trial in which students were taught using electronic communication exclusively. The paper compares the constitution and experiences of a group of Internet students to those of conventional distance learning students on the same course. Learning styles, background questionnaires, and learning outcomes were used in the comparison of the two groups. The study reveals comparable learning outcomes with no discrimination in grade as the result of using different communication media. The student experience is reported, highlighting the main gains and issues of using the Internet as a communication medium in distance education. This paper also shows that using the Internet in this context can provide students with a worthwhile experience.  相似文献   

Ensuring the Provision of Accessible Digital Resources     

David Sloan  Murray Rowan  Paul Booth  Peter Gregor 《Learning, Media and Technology》2000,25(3):203-216

A lack of awareness of disability issues in the provision of digital educational material is resulting in a situation where much of this material is, to some degree, inaccessible to people with certain disabilities. Current and proposed disability legislation in countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom means that any educational material produced by institutions, and which has accessibility barriers, may soon be illegal. This paper discusses the issues involved in the provision of accessible digital material, with a heavy emphasis on Web‐based resources, with a view to raising awareness and avoiding a potentially embarrassing situation for educational institutions. The various assistive technologies used by disabled people to access digital material are discussed, along with the problems by inaccessible material, illustrated by examples of inaccessible Web pages. Solutions for ensuring the accessibility of digital material are provided, including a discussion of open standards and guidelines and principles of accessible content design  相似文献   

Racism,Reconstructed Multiculturalism and Antiracist Education     

Mike Cole 《Cambridge Journal of Education》1998,28(1):37-48

To the long‐standing debate over the relative merits of multicultural and antiracist education, Short and Carrington have added a new dimension. It is their contention that in order to challenge racism, educators should promote a reconstructed form of multiculturalism in addition to conventional antiracism. Their argument is that a new form of racism has emerged in which culture assumes a pivotal role and, accordingly, that a revised form of education is required to deal with it. While accepting the crucial role that culture plays in racism in contemporary societies, I question in this paper Short & Carrington's virtually exclusive concern with cultural racism, which is based on a relatively uncritical acceptance of Martin Barker's concept of the ‘new racism’. Instead, I offer a reformulation of the concept of racism which incorporates both biological and cultural elements, but which also includes seemingly positively evaluated characteristics in addition to the more obvious negative ones. This paper notes a number of problems with Short and Carrington's concept of reconstructed multiculturalism and concludes with a critique of their associated liberal pluralist conception of ‘the unity of the nation’.  相似文献   

External ankle taping does not alter lower extremity side-step cut and straight sprint biomechanics in young adult males     

Chandler Moore  Luke Donovan  Amanda M. Murray  Charles Armstrong 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2020,19(3):395-410

Abstract

Lateral ankle sprains (LAS) are one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries and as a response, clinicians often use external ankle taping prophylactically to reduce the prevalence of injuries. External ankle taping techniques have been shown to significantly reduce passive ankle range of motion; however, there is limited research on the effects of external ankle taping on lower extremity kinematics or kinetics during sport specific tasks. Therefore, our objective was to compare the effects of external ankle taping on ankle, knee and hip kinematics and kinetics compared to no taping during an anticipated sidestep cutting task and a straight sprint task. We conducted a cross-over laboratory study with 16 healthy males. Three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics were collected with a motion capture system and in-ground force plate during 5 trials of a sprint and anticipated side-step cut with or without external ankle taping. Group means and associated 90% confidence intervals were plotted across 100 data points for each task, significance being identified when the confidence intervals did not overlap for three consecutive data points. No significant kinetic or kinematic differences were identified between conditions for the tasks. External ankle taping does not influence lower extremity biomechanics during a control cutting task.  相似文献   

Pre-cooling moderately enhances visual discrimination during exercise in the heat     

Neil D. Clarke  Michael J. Duncan  Mike Smith  Joanne Hankey 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(4):355-360

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Parents in youth sport: what happens after the game?     

Samuel Kim Elliott  Murray J. N. Drummond 《Sport, Education and Society》2017,22(3):391-406

Characteristic issues surrounding parents in youth sport include examples of negative verbal and non-verbal behaviour demonstrated during competition. Numerous studies have done well to highlight while parents possess a great potential for positively influencing the sport experience, they can also exert a considerable negative influence by engaging in a range of non-preferred and inappropriate behaviours. There is certainly a need to further understand the nature of the sport-parenting paradigm given that encouraging and supportive parental involvement is a critical factor in promoting enjoyment and intrinsic motivation among participants. This is particularly important given that children's preferred parental behaviours are temporally dependent. That is, different types of parental involvement are preferred before, during and after competitive sport. However, one aspect of parental involvement in youth sport which has been largely overlooked is the post-game setting. Drawing on qualitative data derived from focus groups and individual interviews with 86 parents and children involved in junior Australian football, this paper reveals an aspect of the sport-parenting role which can further enhance or undermine the youth sport experience. Specifically, it reveals an intriguing insight into the way that parents engage in ‘debriefing’ children's performances—representing a challenge for parents who strive to engender a positive and supportive influence in youth sport. While the concept of sport-parenting receives much attention within the competitive setting, this paper argues that in order to enhance the quality of parental involvement in youth sport, much can be learnt from exploring ‘what happens after the game’.  相似文献   

The British horseracing film: representations of the ‘sport of kings’ in British cinema     

Mike Huggins 《Sport in History》2020,40(2):278-280

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