Unequal under law: race in the war on drugs     

O. Nicholas Robertson 《Journal of Criminal Justice Education》2013,24(4):602-606

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Estimating the Effect on Grades of Using Multiple-Choice Versus Constructive-Response Questions: Data From the Classroom     

Stephen Hickson  W. Robert Reed  Nicholas Sander 《Educational Assessment》2013,18(4):200-213

This study investigates the degree to which grades based solely on constructed-response (CR) questions differ from grades based solely on multiple-choice (MC) questions. If CR questions are to justify their higher costs, they should produce different grade outcomes than MC questions. We use a data set composed of thousands of observations on individual students in introductory economics classes at a large public university. We note that the instructors of these classes made conscientious efforts to write CR questions that assessed higher levels of learning (Bloom, 1956 Bloom, B. S. 1956. Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals, handbook 1: Cognitive domain. New York: McKay..  [Google Scholar]). Despite this, we find relatively little difference in grade outcomes. Our analysis suggests that switching from an all-CR assessment to an all-MC assessment would produce grade variations that are similar to the differences that are observed for students across different tests. Although other studies have focused on test scores, frequently AP test scores, our study is the first to focus attention on university grades. We hope that our inability to identify substantial benefits to CR questions in terms of grades will stimulate further research to identify substantive benefits from using the more costly CR questions.  相似文献   

On Fitting a Multivariate Two-Part Latent Growth Model     

Nicholas D. Myers  Soyeon Ahn  Ying Jin 《Structural equation modeling》2013,20(1):131-147

The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of the number of targets specified on the quality of exploratory factor analysis solutions with a complex underlying structure and incomplete substantive measurement theory. Three Monte Carlo studies were performed based on the ratio of the number of observed variables to the number of underlying factors. Within each study, communality, sample size, and the number of targets were manipulated. Outcomes included a measure of congruence and a measure of variability with regard to the rotated pattern matrix. The magnitude of the main effect for the influence of the number of targets on congruence and variability ranged from moderate to large. The magnitude of the interaction between the number of targets and level of communality ranged from small to moderate with regard to congruence and variability. Consistent with theoretical expectations, the minimum number of targets to specify to be reasonably assured of obtaining an accurate solution varied across study conditions.  相似文献   

Defining ‘science-based targets’     

Inger Andersen  Naoko Ishii  Thomas Brooks  Cynthia Cummis  Gustavo Fonseca  Astrid Hillers  Nicholas Macfarlane  Nebojsa Nakicenovic  Kevin Moss  Johan Rockstrm  Andrew Steer  Dominic Waughray  Caroline Zimm 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2021,8(7)

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A taxonomy of factors affecting attitudes towards educational technologies for use with technology acceptance models     

Andrew Kemp  Edward Palmer  Peter Strelan 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2019,50(5):2394-2413

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Affordances of using Multiple Videoed Events to construct a rich understanding of adult–child book readings     

Maria Nicholas 《International Journal of Research & Method in Education》2018,41(2):125-141

This paper explores the affordances of using video-based research to capture a multiplicity of events, along with multimodal representations when producing data related to adult–child book readings. In doing this we answer two questions: (1) why more than one event is needed when seeking a comprehensive collection of information for the purpose of analysis; and (2) why one mode of data production alone (e.g. audio recordings or note taking) is insufficient to record practice or interviews when richness is of priority. This research used three videoed events to produce data. These included videoing: (1) caregiver–child interactions during four shared book reading sessions, (2) interviews with caregivers immediately following each of the reading sessions and (3) video-stimulated discussions with caregivers within two months of the final shared book reading. In this paper, I contribute to discussions that highlight the affordances of using video-based research as a means of capturing the multimodal elements of an experience, which can contribute to the analysis and interpretation of data. I expand on this, however, to suggest that when coupled with a multiplicity of events, video-based research can be a means of pursuing richness via a method that has been criticized for its narrow subjectivity.  相似文献   

A biomechanical comparison of conventional classifications of bowling action-types in junior fast bowlers     

Andrew Schaefer  Rene E. D. Ferdinands  Nicholas O’Dwyer 《Journal of sports sciences》2020,38(10):1085-1095

ABSTRACT

Fast bowling is categorised into four action types: side-on, front-on, semi-open and mixed; however, little biomechanical comparison exists between action types in junior fast bowlers. This study investigated whether there are significant differences between action-type mechanics in junior fast bowlers. Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic analyses were completed on 60 junior male fast bowlers bowling a five-over spell. Mixed-design factorial analyses of variance were used to test for differences between action-type groups across the phases of the bowling action. One kinetic difference was observed between groups, with a higher vertical ground reaction force loading rate during the front-foot contact phase in mixed and front-on compared to semi-open bowlers; no other significant group differences in joint loading occurred. Significant kinematic differences were observed between the front-on, semi-open and mixed action types during the front-foot contact phase for the elbow and trunk. Significant kinematic differences were also present for the ankle, T12-L1, elbow, trunk and pelvis during the back-foot phase. Overall, most differences in action types for junior fast bowlers occurred during the back-foot contact phase, particularly trunk rotation and T12-L1 joint angles/ranges of motion, where after similar movement patterns were utilized across groups during the front-foot contact phase.  相似文献   

The One and the Many: Enduring Legacies of Spearman and Thurstone on Intelligence Test Score Interpretation     

A. Alexander Beaujean  Nicholas F. Benson 《教育实用测度》2019,32(3):198-215

ABSTRACT

Charles Spearman and L. L. Thurstone were pioneers in the field of intelligence. They not only developed methods to assess and understand intelligence, but also developed theories about its structure and function. Methodologically, their approaches were not that distinct, but their theories of intelligence were philosophically very different – and this difference is still seen in modern approaches to intellectual assessment. In this article, we describe their theories of intelligence and then trace how these theories have influenced the development and use of intelligence instruments, paying particular attention to score interpretation.  相似文献   

Crusading in Frankish Greece: A Study of Byzantine–Western Relations and Attitudes, 1204–1282     

Nicholas Morton 《Al-Masaq: Islam & the Medieval Mediterranean》2014,26(3):323-325

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Occupy management! Inspirations and ideas for self-organization and self-management     

Nicholas Snowden 《Action Learning: Research and Practice》2015,12(1):112-115

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